bacha67

Prezent
Ulubiony
Wiadomość

Kobieta janusz

widziany: 27.04.2020 15:33

157
259
14578
29325

56091 plików
842,29 GB

Foldery

bacha67

	!! HISTORIA - książki, artykuły
	@ Fizyka. Serie
	@ Matematyka. Serie
	_ Astronomia
	_ Chemia. Organiczna
	_ Clayden i in - Chemia organiczna + rozwiązania
	_ Fizyka. Akustyka
	_ Fizyka. Mechanika
	_ Fizyka. Spektroskopia
	_ Matematyka. Topologia
	_ Teoria obwodów
	_ Wielka historia Polski. Pinnex
	♥ Matematyka
	0 OGÓLNE
	2. NOWOŻYTNOŚĆ (DO 1795)
	Aleksander Paroń - Pieczyngowie (Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN 2015)
	algorithms
	All About History
	All History
	All History(1)
	Ancient Egypt
	Ancient Egypt(1)
	ANCIENT_EGYPT_1
	ANCIENT_EGYPT_2
	Antyk
	Antyk(1)
	Antyk(2)
	Architects, World Architects and Architecture History
	ARMS AND ARMOUR
	Art History 1
	Art History 1(1)
	ATLAS BIBLIJNY
	ATLAS BIBLIJNY - cz2
	Atlas Fryderyka V 1723-66
	Avalon
	Avalon(1)
	Batalie i wodzowie wszechczasów
	Bazylow - Siedmiogród a Polska
	Biochemia
	biologia molekularna
	Bitwy świata
	Bizantyńskie malarstwo tablicowe
	Books
	Brydż - programy
	Calculus
	Cambridge Ancient History
	CELTOWIE
	Chaos i Fraktale
	Chemia i matematyka
	Chemia. Organiczna
	Complex Analysis
	Conan Doyle
	CsCa
	Cypr
	D.Watkin Historia architektury zachodniej
	Daleki i Bliski Wschód - literatura
	Daleki i Bliski Wschód - literatura(1)
	Daleki i Bliski Wschód - literatura(2)
	Differential Equations
	Dokumenty
	dookoła świata
	eBooki
	Egipt
	Encyklopedie, leksykony, słowniki historyczne i geograficzne
	encyklopedie,słow niki
	Ewa Wipszycka, Benedetto Bravo - Historia starożytnych Greków (tom III - okres hellenistyczny)(w yd. 2 popr. 2010)
	Ewa Wipszycka, Benedetto Bravo, Marek Węcowski, Aleksander Wolicki - Historia starożytnych Greków (tom II - okres klasyczny)(wyd. II - Wydawnictwo UW, 2009)
	EWOLUCJA ŚWIATA I CZŁOWIEKA
	Filipczak-kocur - Skarb koronny za Władysława IV
	Fizyka
	Fizyka(1)
	Fizyka(2)
	Fizyka. Ciało stałe
	Fizyka. Resnick Halliday Walker
	Fizyka. Serheiev M
	Focus Historia 2015
	Galeria
	Gawroński, Franciszek Rawita
	GEOGRAFIA HISTORYCZNA
	Geologia Książki
	Geometry
	GÓRY BOGA
	Great Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt - Bob Brier
	GRECJA
	Grecja - 4,5 GB
	Greece (Grecja)
	heloiza i abelard - regina pernoud
	Hermann Haken, Hans Christoph Wolf - Atomy i kwanty
	HISTORIA BIBLII
	HISTORIA BIBLII(1)
	Historia chrzescijanstwa
	HISTORIA CHRZEŚCIJAŃSTWA - OD ŚWIĘTEGO PIOTRA DO ŚWIĘTEGO JANA PAWŁA II
	Historia Kościoła
	HISTORIA NOWOŻYTNA Polski - Wojny Wazów
	Historia Polski
	Historia Polski - Komplet
	Historia Polski(1)
	Historia Polski(2)
	HISTORIA POLSKI(3)
	Historia powszechna
	HISTORIA POWSZECHNA TOM 1 - 10
	Historia średniowiecze i nowożytna
	Historia Starożytna Bliski Wschód
	Historia Świata
	Historia Świata - wyd. Larousse
	Historia sztuki
	Historia wojskowości(1)
	Historia(1)
	Historia, archeologia i pokrewne
	Historia, archeologia i pokrewne(1)
	History
	Historyczne bitwy
	Hymny Orfickie (tł. i opr.) Emilia Żybert (Wrocław 2012)
	Ibn al Atir- Kompletna księga historii. Z czynów sułtana Saladyna
	ISLAM - HISTORIA - SZTUKA I ARCHITEKTURA - HQ
	Japonia od czasów najdawniejszych do dzisiaj - John Whitney Hall - wyd. I - 1979
	Judaica
	K. Górski Oblężenie Smoleńska i bitwa pod Kłuszynem
	KAPLICA BRANCACCI
	Karpowicz M., Sztuka polska XVII wieku
	Karpowicz M., Sztuka polska XVIII wieku
	Kombinatoryka
	KRONIKA CHRZEŚCIJAŃSTWA
	Kryptografia i Kodowanie (Borowiec)
	Książki historyczne (do seg.)
	Książki z matmy ;D
	KSIĘGI
	Labuda Gerard, historia
	Literatura
	Literatura(1)
	Liturgika Nadolski
	LUCA DELLA ROBBIA
	M. Bartkiewicz - Polski Ubior do 1684 roku
	MAl_Linear algebra
	Marynistyka
	Matematyka
	matematyka ebooki ENG
	Materiałoznawstwo . Wytrzymałość
	materiały do olimpiady matematycznej, zbiory zadań opracowania, tutoriale
	Materiały wybuchowe
	Math Books DJVU
	Math Collection
	Math Collection(1)
	Mathematics
	MCap_Asymptotics, perturbations
	MCc_Complex variable
	MCcf_Continued fractions
	MCde_Differential equations
	MCet_Elementary calculus textbooks
	MCetp_Problems
	MCv_Variational calculus
	MDdg_Differential geometry
	Mediewistyka
	MetPublications
	MGe_Encyclopaedia e
	MIEJSCA ŚWIĘTE - ILUSTROWANE KOMPENDIUM - Bedurftig Friedemann
	MONUMENTA GERMANIAE HISTORICA
	MP_Mathematical physics
	MSZAŁ RZYMSKI + KSIĄŻKI O MSZY
	Napoleon napoleonika
	napoleonka
	Nauki pomocnicze historii
	Nietolerancja i zabobon w Polsce w XVII i XVIII w. - B. Baranowski, W. Lewandowski - wyd. II - 1987
	Normalne - Egipt
	Nowe zagadki archeologii - Luc Bürgin - wyd. I - 2003
	NUMIZMATYKA
	OBRAZY - mega kolekcja 7CD !!!
	od Klemensa Wernera
	olimpijskie zbiory zadań kółko matematyczne dla olimpijczyków
	olimpijskie zbiory zadań kółko matematyczne dla olimpijczyków(1)
	Ornament
	Pamięć, Smutek I Cierń (m76)
	Pamietniki Milerowe do panowania Stefana Batorego
	PAp_Astrophysics
	PCcm_Celestial mechanics
	PCtm_Theoretical mechanics
	PD_Dynamical systems
	Pernoud - Templariusze
	Pierwszy Amerykanin. Zagadka studiów prekolumbijskich - C.W. Ceram - wyd. I - 1977
	Pindar - Ody zwycięskie (olimpijskie, pytyjskie, nemejskie, istmijskie)(tł. i kom. Mieczysław Brożek)(Wydawnict wo Literackie 1987)
	Pirotechnika
	Pisma prekolumbijskie - różne
	Pliniusz Starszy
	Podręczniki Politechnika Warszawska PW SiMR
	Podstawy Konstrukcji Maszyn
	Prywatne
	R. Maciszewski - Mity skandynawskie
	religia
	Religioznastwo i tematy powiązane -różności
	Rodowody cywilizacji
	Rosja
	Różne dobre
	Rozprawy historyczne Akademii Umiejętności
	Ślady sprzed milionów lat - Michael Baigent - wyd. I - 2000
	SPA2 (hasło SPA2)
	średniowiecze
	Stanisław Grodziski - Habsburgowie
	Starożytność
	Szachy
	Szczęśliwa Arabia - Claudie Fayein - wyd. I - 1988
	Sztuka
	Sztuka i Kultura
	sztuka i nie tylko po angielsku
	Sztuka XVII wieku ziem wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej
	Teofilakt Simokatta - Historia powszechna (Anna Kotłowska, Łukasz Różycki)
	Testimonia najdawniejszych dziejów Słowian. 1989-2009
	The Medieval Islamic Civilization - Collection 6 (Art, Architecture 2)
	Tom 1 - Od Cesarstwa Rzymskiego do roku tysięcznego
	Tom 2 - Od Europy feudalnej do renesansu
	Topologia
	Uklady Dynamiczne
	Układy dynamiczne i równania różniczkowe
	UNESCO History of Civilizations of Central Asia Collection (1996-2005)
	Weisstein E. - CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics
	Wielcy malarze kolekcja
	Wielcy malarze kolekcja(1)
	WIELKA HISTORIA ŚWIATA - tom 1 - 12
	Wielkie bitwy
	Wielkie Bitwy Historii - Osprey
	Wikingowie
	wojna morska
	Wojna Stuletnia
	Wojna_Bitwy
	Wojskowośc Staropolska
	Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations
	Wstęp do teorii funkcji rzeczywistych, Banach
	Wyjątkowe
	Wyprawy Wikingów ,Farley Mowat
	Z zagadnień skandynawskiej sztuki korabniczej wczesnego średniowiecza-M.P rosnak
	zachomikowane
	Zbiory zadań
	Zdzisław Żygulski Junior- Sztuka perska
	Źródła

Ostatnio pobierane pliki

Wiara Słowian z obrzędów, klechd, pieśni ludu, guseł, ....zip

Misiewicz, Sęk, Podhorecki - Optyczna spektroskopia na....pdf

T. Urbański - Chemia i Technologia Materiałów Wybuchow....pdf

Czebreszuk - Schyłek neolitu i początki epoki brązku w....pdf

1. Spis treści.pdf

Girard Rene - Kozioł ofiarny.pdf

Joseph Loewenstein - The Author's Due, Printing and th....pdf

Chess Training Pocket Book 300 Most Important Position....pdf

W. Dworzaczek, Genealogia.cbr

Meslier Jean - Testament.pdf

All History

Galeria

sortuj według:
nazwa
typ pliku
rozmiar
data dodania

« poprzednia strona następna strona »

42,5 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Philipp J. C. Elliot-Wright - Brassey's History of Uniforms - English Civil War (1997).pdf

zachomikowany

29 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

David C. Conrad - Empires of Medieval West Africa, Ghana, Mali, and Songhay (2009).jpg

Beginning about 1200 CE, the Mali, Songhay, and Ghana empires spread their sequential influence across the western horn of Africa, making advances in trade, language, culture, and economy. Influenced heavily by Islam in their later periods, these empires flourished and grew under a series of powerful leaders, including one, Mansa Musa, whose skills were celebrated in European capitals. "Empires of Medieval West Africa, Revised Edition" discusses the vital role salt and other natural resources played in the development of the empires, the rich and diverse cultures, and the influence of the growing Islamic Empire on every day life. Included are some transcriptions of the oral tradition that is, in many cases, the only record of the deeds and achievements of these people. Connections to life today include the continuing impact of Islam and tribal groups in today's Africa and the influence of the medieval traditions on modern music and cuisine.

zachomikowany

18,8 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

David C. Conrad - Empires of Medieval West Africa, Ghana, Mali, and Songhay (2009).pdf

zachomikowany

91 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Dennis Showalter - Hindenburg, Icon of German Mili tarism (2005).jpg

With his victory over the Russian army at the battle of Tannenberg in August 1914, Paul von Hindenburg became a war hero. By 1916 he had parlayed an exaggerated reputation for decisive victory into near dictatorial powers. After Germany’s defeat at Verdun and War Minister Erich von Falkenhayn’s dismissal in late 1916, Hindenburg, along with his chief of staff Erich Ludendorff, took over strategic direction of the war. The eponymous Hindenburg Program attempted with some success to mobilize Germany’s economy for war. He also oversaw many of Germany’s most important wartime decisions, including the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare, Bethmann Hollweg’s dismissal as chancellor, Russia’s defeat and negotiation of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and the “Ludendorff Offensives” of 1918, which sought decisive victory on the Western Front but ended in Germany’s catastrophic defeat. After the war, Hindenburg played a crucial role in creating the Dolchstosslegende (the myth that the German Army had been “stabbed in the back” by a Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy on the homefront), in leading Germany as president of the Weimar Republic, and, most tragically, in acquiescing to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power.

zachomikowany

10,3 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Dennis Showalter - Hindenburg, Icon of German Mili tarism (2005).pdf

zachomikowany

158 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Ashley Jackson - British Empire And the Second Wor ld War (2006).jpg

In 1939 Hitler went to war not just with Great Britain; he also went to war with the whole of the British Empire, the greatest empire that there had ever been. Because in the years since 1945 that empire has disappeared, the crucial fact that the British Empire fought together as a whole during the war has been forgotten. All the parts of the empire joined the struggle and were involved in it from the beginning, undergoing huge changes and sometimes suffering great losses as a result. The war in the desert, the defence of Malta and the Malayan campaign, and the contribution of the empire as a whole in terms of supplies, communications and troops, all reflect the strategic importance of Britain's imperial status. Men and women not only from Australia, New Zealand and India but from many parts of Africa and the Middle East all played their part. Winston Churchill saw the war throughout in imperial terms. The British Empire and the Second World War emphasises a central fact about the Second World War that is often forgotten.

zachomikowany

135 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Robin Frame - Ireland and Britain, 1170-1450 (2003 ).jpg

In this collection of essays Robin Frame concentrates upon two main themes: the place of the Lordship of Ireland within the Plantagenet state; and the interaction of settler society and English government in the culturally hybrid frontier world of later medieval Ireland itself. As a preludeto both these themes, Ireland and Britain, 1170-1450 begins with a hitherto unpublished discussion of why 'the first English conquest of Ireland' has been viewed as a failure, and has rarely received the attention it deserves.

The first group of essays addresses such topics as the changing character of the aristocratic networks that bound Ireland to britain; the impact of the Scottish invasion led by Edward and Robert Bruce in the early fourteenth centruy; the identity of the 'English' political community that emerged in Ireland by the reign of Edward III; and the case for a broadly conceived British history, incorporating rather than excluding the English of Ireland. The subsequent group explore the character of Irish warfare, the adaptation of English institutions to a marcher environment; the exercise of power by regional magnates; and the complex practical interactions between royal government and Gaelic Irish Leaders.

zachomikowany

22,7 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Robin Frame - Ireland and Britain, 1170-1450 (2003 ).pdf

zachomikowany

213 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

John M. Weeks, Frauke Sachse, Christian M. Prager - Maya Daykeeping, Three Calendars from Highland G uatemala (2002).jpg

All History - John M. Weeks, Frauke Sachse, Christian M. Prager - M...keeping, Three Calendars from Highland Guatemala 2002.jpg

In Maya Daykeeping, three divinatory calendars from highland Guatemala--examples of a Mayan literary tradition that includes the Popul Vuh, Annals of the Cakchiquels, and the Titles of the Lords of Totonicapan--dating to 1685, 1722, and 1855, are transcribed in K'iche or Kaqchikel side-by-side with English translations. Calendars such as these continue to be the basis for prognostication, determining everything from the time for planting and harvest to foreshadowing illness and death. Good, bad, and mixed fates can all be found in these examples of the solar calendar and the 260-day divinatory calendar.

The use of such calendars is mentioned in historical and ethnographic works, but very few examples are known to exist. Each of the three calendars transcribed and translated by John M. Weeks, Frauke Sachse, and Christian M. Prager--and housed at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology--is unique in structure and content. Moreover, except for an unpublished study of the 1722 calendar by Rudolf Schuller and Oliver La Farge (1934), these little-known works appear to have escaped the attention of most scholars. Introductory essays contextualize each document in time and space, and a series of appendixes present previously unpublished calendrical notes assembled in the early twentieth century.

Providing considerable information on the divinatory use of calendars in colonial highland Maya society previously unavailable without a visit to the University of Pennsylvania's archives, Maya Daykeeping is an invaluable primary resource for Maya scholars.

zachomikowany

27 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Philip L. Kohl, Clare Fawcett - Nationalism, Polit ics and the Practice of Archaeology (1996).jpg

Archaeology has often been put to political use, particularly by nationalists. This timely collection ranges from propaganda purposes served by archaeology in the Nazi state to lesser-known instances of ideological archaeology elsewhere. A distinguished group of international scholars highlights common threads in these experiences, arguing that archaeologists need to be more sophisticated about the use and abuse of their studies. The book raises cogent questions concerning not only archaeology, but also history and anthropology in general.

zachomikowany

1,9 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Philip L. Kohl, Clare Fawcett - Nationalism, Polit ics and the Practice of Archaeology (1996).djvu

zachomikowany

9 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Alessandra Petrina - Machiavelli in the British Is les (2009).jpg

"Machiavelli in the British Isles" reassesses the impact of Machiavelli's "The Prince" in sixteenth-century England and Scotland through the analysis of early English translations produced before 1640, surviving in manuscript form. This study concentrates on two of the four extant sixteenth-century versions: William Fowler's Scottish translation and the "Queen's College" (Oxford) English translation, which has been hitherto overlooked by scholars. Alessandra Petrina begins with an overview of the circulation and readership of Machiavelli in early modern Britain before focusing on the eight surviving manuscripts. She reconstructs each manuscript's history and the afterlife of the translations before moving to a detailed examination of two of the translations. Petrina's investigation of William Fowler's translation takes into account his biography, in order to understand the Machiavellian influence on early modern political thought. Her study of the "Queen's College" translation analyses the manuscript's provenance as well as technical details including writing and paper quality. Importantly, this book includes annotated editions of both translations, which compare the texts with the original Italian versions as well as French and Latin versions. With this volume Petrina has compiled an important reference source, offering easy access to little-known translations and shedding light on a community of readers and scholars who were fascinated by Machiavelli, despite political or religious opinion.

About the Author
Alessandra Petrina is Professor of English Literature at the Universita di Padova, Italy. She has published The Kingis Quair of James I of Scotland (1997) and Cultural Politics in Fifteenth-century England. The Case of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (2004).

zachomikowany

198 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Raymond Smullyan - The Chess Mysteries of the Arab ian Knights (1981).jpg

In this collection of problems, Raymond Smullyan transports the game of chess to the world of the Arabian knights. The White King is Haroun Al Rashid, the White Bishop is his Grand Vizier, Archie. They are out to counter the Black King Kazir's attempts at invisibility, and to unmask the disguised Queen Medea. In addition, using the deductive logic that is the hallmark of these exercises in retrograde analysis, Haroun and Archie discover pawns who've robbed the royal treasury, lazy knights who refuse to move more than once or twice, and buried castles, as well as encountering any number of phantoms, genii, magicians, philosophers, and hermits.

zachomikowany

13,0 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Raymond Smullyan - The Chess Mysteries of the Arab ian Knights (1981).pdf

zachomikowany

27 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Robin Doak - Empire of the Islamic World (2009).jpg

While Europe was in the Dark Ages, classical learning from ancient Greece, Rome, and Persia was being preserved and advanced in Islamic libraries and universities. From 632 to 1258, the Islamic Empire was the most powerful and cultured domain in the world. Less than a century after its founding, the empire had grown from a loose confederation of desert tribes into the largest empire in the history of the world, larger than the mighty Roman Empire at its peak. "Empire of the Islamic World, Revised Edition" opens with a brief summary of the Islamic Empire, and gives a sense of the world and geographic area in the years leading up to the empire. The book continues by exploring the empire's society, culture, and daily life including architecture and art; astronomy and mathematics; customs, holidays, sports, and foods; government systems; industry and trade; language and literature; military structure and strategy; and, mythology and religious beliefs.

zachomikowany

15,2 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Robin Doak - Empire of the Islamic World (2009).pdf

zachomikowany

26 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Wendy Christensen - Empire of Ancient Egypt (2009).jpg

A great civilization that grew up around the Nile River, ancient Egypt had sophisticated irrigation systems that held back the desert, writing and recordkeeping that tracked every event in the region, and some of the greatest architects and engineers the world has ever seen. This revised edition of "Empire of Ancient Egypt" sorts through the myths of popular culture and contradictory historical evidence to give a clear, detailed picture of the life and history of the ancient Egyptians. It explains why religion played such an important part in Egyptian politics, who stood atop the Egyptian social pyramid, what games Egyptian children played, and why Egypt eventually succumbed to the Roman Empire. Connections to our modern world include everything from licorice, cosmetics, and the domesticated cat to architecture, farming practices, and baseball.

zachomikowany

15,3 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Wendy Christensen - Empire of Ancient Egypt (2009).pdf

zachomikowany

63 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Karl Taube - Aztec and Maya Myths (1993).jpg

The myths of the Aztec and Maya derive from a shared Mesoamerican cultural tradition. This is very much a living tradition, and many of the motifs and gods mentioned in early sources are still evoked in the lore of contemporary Mexico and Guatemala. Professor Taube discusses the different sources for Aztec and Maya myths. The Aztec empire began less than 200 years before the Sp anish conquest, and our knowledge of their mythology derives primarily from native colonial documents and manuscripts commissioned by the Spa nish. The Maya mythology is far older, and our knowledge of it comes mainly from native manuscripts of the Classic period, over 600 years before the Sp anish conquest. Drawing on these sources as well as nineteenth- and twentieth-century excavations and research, including the interpretation of the codices and the decipherment of Maya hieroglyphic writing, the author discusses, among other things, the Popol Vuh myths of the Maya, the flood myth of Northern Yucatan, and the Aztec creation myths.

zachomikowany

27,6 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Karl Taube - Aztec and Maya Myths (1993).pdf

zachomikowany

88 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

J. Christoph Amberger - The Secret History of the Sword, Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts (1999).jpg

This book is an entertaining read and is certainly well researched in parts. Amberger avoids some of the problem that Richard Cohen encountered in "By the sword" but by and large they both extend their considerable expertise just a bit too broadly to support their arguments. His personal experience in the German duelling halls are exciting to read. He wisely avoids much discussion concerning metalurgy and the actual production of blades and doesn't stray far from the European/American tradition which he knows well.

zachomikowany

33,8 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

J. Christoph Amberger - The Secret History of the Sword, Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts (1999).pdf

zachomikowany

39 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Luke S. Roberts - Mercantilism in a Japanese Domai n, The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa (2002).jpg

All History - Luke S. Roberts - Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain, ...ins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa 2002.jpg

This book explores the historical roots of economic nationalism within Japan. In a situation analogous to early modern Germany, Japan in the Edo period (1600-1867) was divided into over 230 realms, many of which developed into competitive states that struggled to reduce the dominance of the shogun's economy. This study of the merchants of one such domain, Tosa, reveals how they developed mercantilist strategies to protect and invigorate their domain's economy, and to support the public value of the merchant in a hostile Confucian world.

zachomikowany

1,7 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Luke S. Roberts - Mercantilism in a Japanese Domai n, The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa (2002).djvu

zachomikowany

34 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Richard F. Hamilton, Holger H. Herwig - The Origin s of World War I (2008).jpg

Why did World War I happen? Several of the oft-cited causes are reviewed and discussed in this analysis. The argument of the alliance systems is inadequate, lacking relevance or compelling force. The argument of an accident or "slide" is also inadequate, given the clear and unambiguous evidence of intentions. The arguments of mass demands focusing on nationalism, militarism, and social Darwinism are also arguably insufficient. They lack indications of frequency, intensity, and process or influence on the various decisions.

zachomikowany

33 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Timothy Kirk - Nazism and the Working Class in Aus tria, Industrial Unrest and Political Dissent in t he 'National Community (1996).jpg

All History - Timothy Kirk - Nazism and the Working Class in Austri...and Political Dissent in the National Community 1996.jpg

The image of Hitler as a demagogic "pied piper" leading astray the "little people" of Austria is as misleading as it is powerful. Nazism and the Working Class in Austria is a case study of the ambiguous relationship between state and society under the Nazis. Workers did not seriously attempt or even expect to overthrow the Nazi regime in the face of unprecedented surveillance and terror; but neither were they converted, and their oppositional strategies and disgruntled political opinions reveal a truculent workforce, rather than one that was contented and converted.

zachomikowany

1,2 MB
15 lip 18 15:18

Timothy Kirk - Nazism and the Working Class in Aus tria, Industrial Unrest and Political Dissent in t he 'National Community (1996).djvu

zachomikowany

123 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Anna von der Goltz - Hindenburg, Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis (2009).jpg

Hindenburg reveals how a previously little-known general, whose career to normal retirement age had provided no real foretaste of his heroic status, became a national icon and living myth in Germany after the First World War, capturing the imagination of millions. In a period characterized by rupture and fragmentation, the legend surrounding Paul von Hindenburg brought together a broad coalition of Germans and became one of the most potent forces in Weimar politics.

Charting the origins of the myth, from Hindenburg's decisive victory at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 to his death in Nazi Germany and beyond, Anna Menge explains why the presence of Hindenburg's name on the ballot mesmerized an overwhelming number of voters in the presidential elections of 1925. His myth-an ever-evolving phenomenon-increasingly transcended the dividing lines of interwar politics, which helped him secure re-election by left-wing and moderate voters. Indeed, the only two times in German history that the people could elect their head of state directly and secretly, they chose this national icon. Hindenburg even managed to defeat Adolf Hitler in 1932, making him the Nazi leader's final arbiter; it was he who made the final and fateful decision to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933.

zachomikowany

150 KB
15 lip 18 15:18

Andrea Orzoff - Battle for the Castle, The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914-1948 (2009).jpg

After World War I, diplomats and leaders at the Paris Peace Talks redrew the map of Europe, carving up ancient empires and transforming Europe's eastern half into new nation-states. Drawing heavily on the past, the leaders of these young countries crafted national mythologies and deployed them at home and abroad. Domestically, myths were a tool for legitimating the new state with fractious electorates. In Great Power capitals, they were used to curry favor and to compete with the mythologies and propaganda of other insecure postwar states.

The new postwar state of Czechoslovakia forged a reputation as Europe's democratic outpost in the East, an island of enlightened tolerance amid an increasingly fascist Central and Eastern Europe. In Battle for the Castle, Andrea Orzoff traces the myth of Czechoslovakia as an ideal democracy. The architects of the myth were two academics who had fled Austria-Hungary in the Great War's early years. Tomáas Garrigue Masaryk, who became Czechoslovakia's first president, and Edvard Benes, its longtime foreign minister and later president, propagated the idea of the Czechs as a tolerant, prosperous, and cosmopolitan people, devoted to European ideals, and Czechoslovakia as a Western ally capable of containing both German aggression and Bolshevik radicalism. Deeply distrustful of Czech political parties and Parliamentary leaders, Benes and Masaryk created an informal political organization known as the Hrad or "Castle." This powerful coalition of intellectuals, journalists, businessmen, religious leaders, and Great War veterans struggled with Parliamentary leaders to set the country's political agenda and advance the myth. Abroad, the Castle wielded the national myth to claim the attention and defense of the West against its increasingly hungry neighbors. When Hitler occupied the country, the mythic Czechoslovakia gained power as its leaders went into wartime exile. Once Czechoslovakia regained its independence after 1945, the Castle myth reappeared. After the Communist coup of 1948, many Castle politicians went into exile in America, where they wrote the Castle myth of an idealized Czechoslovakia into academic and political discourse.

Battle for the Castle demonstrates how this founding myth became enshrined in Czechoslovak and European history. It powerfully articulates the centrality of propaganda and the mass media to interwar European cultural diplomacy and politics, and the tense, combative atmosphere of European international relations from the beginning of the First World War well past the end of the Second.

About the Author
Andrea Orzoff is Associate Professor of History at New Mexico State University.

zachomikowany