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	!! HISTORIA - książki, artykuły
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3,2 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Claude Doumet-Serhal - Sidon during Bronze Age; Bu rials, Rituals and Feasting Grounds. at the ''Coll ege Site'' (2010).pdf

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13 gru 18 15:43

Michel Foucault - Madness and civilization; A hist ory of insanity in the age of reason (1988).jpg

Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, by Michel Foucault, is an examination of the ideas, practices, institutions, art and literature relating to madness in Western history. It is the abridged English edition of Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique, originally published in 1961 under the title Folie et déraison. Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique. A full translation titled The History of Madness was published by Routledge in June 2006.This was Foucault's first major book, written while he was the Director of the Maison de France in Sweden.

Foucault begins his history in the Middle Ages, noting the social and physical exclusion of lepers. He argues that with the gradual disappearance of leprosy, madness came to occupy this excluded position. The ship of fools in the 15th century is a literary version of one such exclusionary practice, the practice of sending mad people away in ships. However, during the Renaissance, madness was regarded as an all-abundant phenomenon because humans could not come close to the Reason of God. As Cervantes' Don Quixote, all humans are weak to desires and dissimulation. Therefore, the insane, understood as those who has come too close to God's Reason, were accepted in the middle of society. It is not before the 17th century, in a movement which Foucault famously describes as the Great Confinement, that "unreasonable" members of the population systematically were locked away and institutionalised. In the 18th century, madness came to be seen as the obverse of Reason, that is, as having lost what made them human and become animal-like and therefore treated as such. It is not before 19th century that madness was regarded as a mental illness that should be cured, e.g. Philippe Pinel, Freud. Others authors later argued that the large increase in confinement did not happen in 17th but in the 19th century, somewhat undermining Foucault's argument.

Foucault also argues that madness during the Renaissance had the power to signify the limits of social order and to point to a deeper truth. This was silenced by the Reason of the Enlightenment. He also examines the rise of modern scientific and "humanitarian" treatments of the insane, notably at the hands of Philippe Pinel and Samuel Tuke. He claims that these modern treatments were in fact no less controlling than previous methods. Tuke's country retreat for the mad consisted of punishing them until they gave up their commitment to madness. Similarly, Pinel's treatment of the mad amounted to an extended aversion therapy, including such treatments as freezing showers and the use of straitjackets. In Foucault's view, this treatment amounted to repeated brutality until the pattern of judgment and punishment was internalized by the patient.

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13 gru 18 15:43

Virginia Smith - Clean; A History of Personal Hygi ene and Purity (2007).jpg

The first television commercial was for soap, claims Virginia Smith in her thoroughly researched albeit occasionally sluggish new book. She doesn't supply the dirty details about the commercial, but it's easy to imagine that she is right. After all, such ads, along with hit tunes ("Splish Splash," anyone?), nursery rhymes ("Rub a dub dub") and Sesame Street ditties ("Rubber ducky, you're the one, you make bath time lots of fun") have helped soap and bathtub rituals leave a considerable ring around popular culture.

According to Smith, ads that pushed cleaning concoctions -- not just for our bodies, but for our laundry and living spaces, too -- blossomed along with the emergence of television during the 1950s. They were ubiquitous enough to inspire a durable nickname for serial daytime dramas, known henceforth as soap operas. Nowadays, Smith notes, soaps, shampoos, polishes and shower gels "are not quite the staple of TV advertising budgets that they were." Still, ads featuring them continue to take hold of our imaginations. I remember, for example, an '80s spot about a deodorant soap. The blue bar's magical lather so invigorated the ad's hero that he dressed eagerly, undeterred by the downpour outside his window. When his sleepy spouse asked him how he expected to get to work in such a deluge, he smiled confidently at the camera and declared, "backstroke."

Of course that ad is tame by more recent standards. Who, for instance, can forget a certain herbal shampoo that promises a "totally organic experience"? In one such ad, the bubbly balm inspired a woman to climb the walls of her shower stall, loudly exclaiming her bliss while her clueless husband listened with concern on the other side of the door. These Madison Avenue productions are meant to convince us that few experiences can be as transporting -- "Calgon, take me away" -- as a serene soak or a sudsy washing-up.

Smith suggests that we really don't need much persuasion. Our belief in the transformative power of a good scrub goes back centuries, the roots of which are carefully detailed in Clean. "The long story of washing and bathing water began in the Neolithic at some indeterminate date," Smith believes. She goes on to show that our almost instinctive devotion to cleanliness has a solid basis in neurology, chemistry and other hard sciences that help us to understand that being groomed not only does away with dirt but also "produces mildly narcotic effects; and the longer it carries on, the more swooning or relaxing effects it achieves." Totally organic indeed.

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6,8 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Virginia Smith - Clean; A History of Personal Hygi ene and Purity (2007).pdf

Smith, an honorary fellow of the Centre for History in Public Health in London, eschews digging into the dirty side of her discipline, preferring instead to look at "standards of cleanliness and the reformers of cleanliness." Consequently, her dutiful discussion of influential texts such as the 363-verse Regimen Sanitatus Salernitanum slows down the narrative and sometimes proves more distracting than informative. Fortunately, Smith knows that it is necessary to provide a little "gross" intelligence here and there to keep her chronicle from circling the drain. To wit: "We shed skin, hair, and toenail clippings, and generally dispose of quantities of waste matter minute by minute, day by day, year in year out -- normally between 3 and 6 ounces a day, or 4 tons in the average lifetime. Between 75 and 80 percent of vacuum cleaner dirt consists of human skin cells."

Those wet and wild ancient Greeks and Romans knew nothing of skin cells -- not to mention uprights and carpet sweepers -- but they believed in the power of the bath. For Greeks, "water was a primordial thing that flowed across all the social and semantic boundaries," taking on a divine aspect when featured in purification ceremonies. The Romans adapted Greek bathing habits to their own imperial culture. Their bathhouses became "masterpieces of the art" in which "the customer could wander at will, sampling each cold, hot, tepid, or steam bath." But those were pagan playhouses that lost their gleam when the Christian church rose to influence after the fall of Rome. "The ideology of cleanliness was turned upside down," Smith writes. "Judaeo-Christian asceticism insisted that the cleansing of the inner soul was absolutely imperative, whereas the cleansing of the outer body was a worldly distraction, and its ornamentation a positive sin." Christians eventually reconciled bathing with their spiritual striving, however, and by the medieval era, monasteries were the best places to find excellent baths and latrines.

In the 21st century, personal hygiene has "reached a stage of general consensus," incorporating venerable associations of purity, sanitation and spiritual health. But Smith rightly notes that "for many people today there is one sole and sufficient reason for practising personal hygiene that eclipses all others: self-representation." There had been earlier outbreaks of cleanliness as vanity, however, and perhaps never more so extreme as in the 1600s and 1700s. "Throughout both of these centuries," Smith tells us, "flesh was privately pampered, and everywhere on display." But hygiene often took the form of perfumes, powders and paints instead of soap and water, and "fleas, lice, smeared paintwork and powerful body odors" often lurked underneath the elaborate facades.

Not so for us modern folk, right? In the technologically advanced West, "decades of increased personal hygiene and cosmetic awareness have finally paid off. . . . There are, quite literally, many more beautiful and unblemished people around." And we're as concerned about germs as we are about appearance: Smith estimates that 700 new antibacterial cleansing products hit the market between 1992 and 1998.

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13 gru 18 15:43

Marcia A. Kupfer - The Art of Healing; Painting fo r the Sick and the Sinner in a Medieval Town (2003 ).jpg

"This work represents a new benchmark in contextualizing a major Romanesque monument within the complex fabric of society that created and transformed it according to changing needs over time. The author is to be commended for being simultaneously attentive to the visual and experiential aspects of the monument, on the one hand, and the nuts and bolts of archaeology and textual documents, on the other. What is more, she presents a bold new interpretative framework for the relatively neglected field of Romanesque mural painting." —Thomas E. A. Dale, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Many historians of medieval art now look beyond soaring cathedrals to study the relationship of architecture and image-making to life in medieval society. In The Art of Healing, Marcia Kupfer explores the interplay between church decoration and ritual practice in caring for the sick. Her inquiry bridges cultural anthropology and the social history of medicine even as it also expands our understanding of how clergy employed mural painting to cure body and soul. Looking closely at paintings from ca. 1200 in the church of Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher, a castle town in Central France, Kupfer traces their links to burial practices, the veneration of saints, and the care of the sick in nearby hospitals. Through careful analysis of the surrounding agrarian landscape, dotted with cults targeting specific afflictions, especially ergotism (then known as St. Silvan’s fire), Kupfer sheds new light on the role of wall painting in an ecclesiastical economy of healing and redemption. Sickness and death, she argues, hold the key to understanding the dynamics of Christian community in the Middle Ages.
The Art of Healing will be important reading for cultural anthropologists and historians of both medicine and religion as well as for medievalists and art historians.

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21,6 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Marcia A. Kupfer - The Art of Healing; Painting fo r the Sick and the Sinner in a Medieval Town (2003 ).pdf

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13 gru 18 15:43

Nicholas David, Carol Kramer - Ethnoarchaeology in Action (2001).jpg

Ethnoarchaeology in Action is the first and only comprehensive study of ethnoarchaeology, the ethnographic study of living cultures from archaeological perspectives, and is designed for senior undergraduates and above in archaeology and anthropology. Its geographical coverage is global and the book includes relevant theory, practical advice regarding fieldwork, and complete topical coverage of the discipline. Critical discussions of varied case studies make this a very readable book. It is illustrated with numerous figures and photographs of many leading ethnoarchaeologists in action.

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13 gru 18 15:43

Ayse Zarakol - After Defeat; How the East Learned to Live with the West (2011).jpg

Not being of the West; being behind the West; not being modern enough; not being developed or industrialized, secular, civilized, Christian, transparent, or democratic - these descriptions have all served to stigmatize certain states through history. Drawing on constructivism as well as the insights of social theorists and philosophers, After Defeat demonstrates that stigmatization in international relations can lead to a sense of national shame, as well as auto-Orientalism and inferior status. Ayşe Zarakol argues that stigmatized states become extra-sensitive to concerns about status, and shape their foreign policy accordingly. The theoretical argument is supported by a detailed historical overview of central examples of the established/outsider dichotomy throughout the evolution of the modern states system, and in-depth studies of Turkey after the First World War, Japan after the Second World War, and Russia after the Cold War.

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13 gru 18 15:43

Gillian Gill - We Two, Victoria and Albert; Rulers , Partners, Rivals (2009).jpg

It was the most influential marriage of the nineteenth century–and one of history’s most enduring love stories. Traditional biographies tell us that Queen Victoria inherited the throne as a naïve teenager, when the British Empire was at the height of its power, and seemed doomed to find failure as a monarch and misery as a woman until she married her German cousin Albert and accepted him as her lord and master. Now renowned chronicler Gillian Gill turns this familiar story on its head, revealing a strong, feisty queen and a brilliant, fragile prince working together to build a family based on support, trust, and fidelity, qualities neither had seen much of as children. The love affair that emerges is far more captivating, complex, and relevant than that depicted in any previous account. The epic relationship began poorly. The cousins first met as teenagers for a few brief, awkward, chaperoned weeks in 1836. At seventeen, charming rather than beautiful, Victoria already “showed signs of wanting her own way.” Albert, the boy who had been groomed for her since birth, was chubby, self-absorbed, and showed no interest in girls, let alone this princess. So when they met again in 1839 as queen and presumed prince-consort-to-be, neither had particularly high hopes. But the queen was delighted to discover a grown man, refined, accomplished, and whiskered. “Albert is beautiful!” Victoria wrote, and she proposed just three days later.As Gill reveals, Victoria and Albert entered their marriage longing for intimate companionship, yet each was determined to be the ruler. This dynamic would continue through the years–each spouse, headstrong and impassioned, eager to lead the marriage on his or her own terms. For two decades, Victoria and Albert engaged in a very public contest for dominance. Against all odds, the marriage succeeded, but it was always a work in progress. And in the end, it was Albert’s early death that set the Queen free to create the myth of her marriage as a peaceful idyll and her husband as Galahad, pure and perfect. As Gill shows, the marriage of Victoria and Albert was great not because it was perfect but because it was passionate and complicated. Wonderfully nuanced, surprising, often acerbic–and informed by revealing excerpts from the pair’s journals and letters–We Two is a revolutionary portrait of a queen and her prince, a fascinating modern perspective on a couple who have become a legend.From the Hardcover edition.

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13 gru 18 15:43

Edwin A. Lyon - A New Deal for Southeastern Archae ology (1996).jpg

Recipient of the 1994 Anne B. and James B. McMillan Prize
This comprehensive study provides a history of New Deal archaeology in the Southeast in the 1930s and early 1940s and focuses on the projects of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civil Works Administration, the Works Progress Administration, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the National Park Service, and the Smithsonian Institution.
Utilizing primary sources including correspondence and unpublished reports, Lyon demonstrates the great importance of the New Deal projects in the history of southeastern and North American archaeology. New Deal archaeology transformed the practice of archaeology in the Southeast and created the basis for the discipline that exists today. With the current emphasis on curation and repatriation, archaeologists and historians will find this volume invaluable in reconstructing the history of the projects that generated the many collections that now fill our museums.

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1,6 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Edwin A. Lyon - A New Deal for Southeastern Archae ology (1996).epub

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172 KB
13 gru 18 15:43

Matthew Stewart - The Courtier and the Heretic; Le ibniz, Spinoza, and the Fate of God in the Modern World (2007).jpg

All History1 - Matthew Stewart - The Courtier and the Heretic Leibn...pinoza, and the Fate of God in the Modern World 2007.jpg

A mere footnote for most historians, the meeting in 1676 between Leibniz and Spinoza opens to a discerning eye the intellectual forces destined to reshape the entire Western world. Stewart supplies that discerning eye as he chronicles the events and arguments linking the illustrious German polymath to the controversial Dutch lens grinder. In refreshingly lucid terms, he explains the controversies surrounding Spinoza as the consequence of the radical religious and political doctrines he articulated in works fiercely debated throughout Europe. By highlighting the way Spinoza's metaphysics justified secular and democratic challenges to traditional regimes, Stewart also reveals the piquant irony in the way that metaphysics hypnotized the most brilliant of the status quo's defenders--Gottfried Leibniz, who first eagerly absorbed Spinoza's thought, then recognized in it a perilous threat to traditional beliefs in God and immortality. Because Spinoza's doctrines have won acceptance from the architects of the modern world even as Leibniz's traditional religious beliefs have persisted among many who inhabit that world, the drama Stewart recounts will rivet readers skeptical and devout alike.

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343 KB
13 gru 18 15:43

Jon Balchin - Quantum leaps; 100 Scientists Who Ch anged The World (2003).jpg

Introduces 100 of the giants of science and examines their achievements: the men and women who, often in the fact of extreme scepticism or worse, have striven and succeeded in pushing back the boundaries of human knowledge.

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17,5 MB
13 gru 18 15:43

Jon Balchin - Quantum leaps; 100 Scientists Who Ch anged The World (2003).pdf

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13 gru 18 15:43

Danielle De Vooght - Royal Taste; Food, Power and Status at the European Courts After 1789 (2011).jpg

The explicit association between food and status was, academically speaking, first acknowledged on the food production level. He who owned the land, possessed the grain, he who owned the mill, had the flour, he who owned the oven, sold the bread. However, this conceptualization of power is dual; next to the obvious demonstration of power on the production level is the social significance of food consumption. Consumption of rich food - in terms of quantity and quality - was, and is, a means to show one's social status and to create or uphold power. This book is concerned with the relationship between food consumption, status and power. Contributors address the 'old top' of society, and consider the way kings and queens, emperors and dukes, nobles and aristocrats wined and dined in the rapidly changing world of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, where the bourgeoisie and even the 'common people' obtained political rights, economic influence, social importance and cultural authority. The book questions the role of food consumption at courts and the significance of particular foodstuffs or ways of cooking, deals with the number of guests and their place at the table, and studies the way the courts under consideration influenced one another. Topics include the role of sherry at the court of Queen Victoria as a means of representing middle class values, the use of the truffle as a promotional gift at the Savoy court, and the influence of European culture on banqueting at the Ottoman Palace. Together the volume addresses issues of social networks, prestige, politics and diplomacy, banquets and their design, income and spending, economic aims, taste and preference, cultural innovations, social hierarchies, material culture, and many more social and cultural issues. It will provide a useful entry into food history for scholars of court culture and anyone with an interest in modern cultural history.

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Hans Busch - Verdi's Aida; The History of an Opera in Letters and Documents (1978).jpg

Verdi's Aida was first published in 1978. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions.

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Hans Busch - Verdi's Aida; The History of an Opera in Letters and Documents (1978).pdf

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Martin J. S. Rudwick - Bursting the Limits of Time ; The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of R evolution (2005).jpg

All History1 - Martin J. S. Rudwick - Bursting the Limits of Time T...truction of Geohistory in the Age of Revolution 2005.jpg

In 1650, Archbishop James Ussher of Armagh joined the long-running theological debate on the age of the earth by famously announcing that creation had occurred on October 23, 4004 B.C. Although widely challenged during the Enlightenment, this belief in a six-thousand-year-old planet was only laid to rest during a revolution of discovery in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In this relatively brief period, geologists reconstructed the immensely long history of the earth-and the relatively recent arrival of human life. Highlighting a discovery that radically altered existing perceptions of a human's place in the universe as much as the theories of Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud did, Bursting the Limits of Time is a herculean effort by one of the world's foremost experts on the history of geology and paleontology to sketch this historicization of the natural world in the age of revolution.

Addressing this intellectual revolution for the first time, Rudwick examines the ideas and practices of earth scientists throughout the Western world to show how the story of what we now call "deep time" was pieced together. He explores who was responsible for the discovery of the earth's history, refutes the concept of a rift between science and religion in dating the earth, and details how the study of the history of the earth helped define a new branch of science called geology. Rooting his analysis in a detailed study of primary sources, Rudwick emphasizes the lasting importance of field- and museum-based research of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Bursting the Limits of Time, the culmination of more than three decades of research, is the first detailed account of this monumental phase in the history of science.

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Gotz Aly, Michael Sontheimer, Shelley Frisch - Fro mms; How Julius Fromm's Condom Empire Fell to the Nazis (2009).jpg

All History1 - Gotz Aly, Michael Sontheimer, Shelley Frisch - Fromms...w Julius Fromms Condom Empire Fell to the Nazis 2009.jpg

If you wanted to buy a top-quality condom in prewar Germany, you bought Fromms Act, the first brand name condom and still a leading brand in the German market. The man behind this "pure German quality product" was Julius Fromm, a Jewish entrepreneur who had immigrated from Russia as a child. Fromm was in the right place at the right time: he patented Fromms Act in 1916, when the combination of changing sexual mores, awareness of sexual health, and the lack of reliable prophylactics meant a market primed for his product. In 1922 he began mass production and opened international branches. Sixteen years later, after building the brand into a best seller and the company into a model business, he was forced to sell Fromms Act for a fraction of its worth to a German baroness. In 1939 he emigrated to London.

Aly and Sontheimer trace Fromm's rise and fall, illuminating the ways Jewish businesses like his were Aryanized under the Nazis. Through the biography of this businessman and the story of his unusual and fabulously successful company, we learn the fascinating history of the first branded condoms in Germany and the sexual culture that allowed them to thrive, the heretofore undocumented machinations by which the Nazis robbed German-Jewish families of their businesses, and the tragedy of a man whose great love for the adopted country that first allowed him to succeed was betrayed by its government and his fellow citizens.

This captivating account offers a wealth of detail and a fresh array of photographic documentation, and adds a striking new dimension to our understanding of this dark period in German history.

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3,4 MB
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Gotz Aly, Michael Sontheimer, Shelley Frisch - Fro mms; How Julius Fromm's Condom Empire Fell to the Nazis (2009).pdf

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Michael Braddick - God's Fury, England's Fire; A N ew History of the English Civil Wars (2009).jpg

The sequence of civil wars that ripped England apart in the seventeenth century was one of the most devastating conflicts in its history. It destroyed families and towns, ravaged the population and led many, both supporters of Charles I and his opponents, to believe that England's people were being punished by a vengeful God. This masterly new history illuminates what it was like to live through a time of terrifying violence, religious fervor and radical politics. Michael Braddick describes how pamphleteers, armies, iconoclasts, witch-hunters, Levellers, protestors and petitioners were all mobilized in the chaos, as they fought over new ways to imagine their world.

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Guy Rowlands - The Dynastic State and the Army und er Louis XIVl Royal Service and Private Interest 1 661-1701 (2002).jpg

All History1 - Guy Rowlands - The Dynastic State and the Army under...Vl Royal Service and Private Interest 1661-1701 2002.jpg

This book presents a new interpretation of the development of the French army during the "personal rule" of Louis XIV. Based on massive archival research, it examines the army not only as a military institution but also as a political, social and economic organism. Guy Rowlands asserts that the key to the development of Louis XIV's armed forces was the king's determination to acknowledge and satisfy the military, political, social and cultural aspirations of his officers, and maintain the solid standing of the Bourbon dynasty.

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5,8 MB
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Guy Rowlands - The Dynastic State and the Army und er Louis XIVl Royal Service and Private Interest 1 661-1701 (2002).pdf

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299 KB
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Hendrik Kraay - I Die With My Country; Perspective s on the Paraguayan War, 1864-1870 (2005).jpg

The Paraguayan War (1864–70) was the most extensive and profound interstate war ever fought in South America. It directly involved the four countries of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay and took the lives of hundreds of thousands, combatants and noncombatants alike. While the war still stirs emotions on the southern continent, until today few scholars from outside the region have taken on the daunting task of analyzing the conflict. In this compilation of ten essays, historians from Canada, the United States, Germany, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay address its many tragic complexities. Each scholar examines a particular facet of the war, including military mobilization, home-front activities, the war’s effects on political culture, war photography, draft resistance, race issues, state formation, and the role of women in the war. The editors’ introduction provides a balance to the many perspectives collected here while simultaneously integrating them into a comprehensible whole, thus making the book a compelling read for social historians and military buffs alike.

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Hendrik Kraay - I Die With My Country; Perspective s on the Paraguayan War, 1864-1870 (2005).pdf

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The war pictorial - August 1918 (1918).jpg

The war pictorial 1914-1918.

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3,9 MB
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The war pictorial - August 1918 (1918).pdf

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Ethan Bier - The Coiled Spring; How Life Begins (2 000).jpg

A concise, readable account of the principles underlying embryonic development in animals and plants, featuring colourful artwork and interviews with prominent investigators. It will be of use to those taking graduate and undergraduate courses.

Contents
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
1 The Central Dogma of Biology
2 Molecular Methods for Analyzing Development
3 Establishing the Primary Axes of Fruit Fly Embryos
4 Patterning Fly Appendages and Eyes
5 Establishing the Primary Axes of Vertebrate Embryos
6 Patterning Vertebrate Appendages and Eyes
7 Establishing the Primary Axes of Plant Embryos
8 Patterning Plant Appendages
9 The Future of Biology and Man

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DK Publishing - Geg Grant - Slavery; Real People a nd Their Stories of Enslavement (2009).jpg

Slavery is a comprehensive look at the history of an abomination. Words and images reveal the story of slavery around the world and across the centuries, focusing on slavery in the United States in the 1800s. This authoritative, heavily illustrated guide looks at the escalation of the Atlantic slave trade, the African peoples who were targeted, the lives they led as slaves in the American South, the slow growth of worldwide anti-slavery movements, abolition in the United States, the Civil War, Reconstruction, and more. Understand slavery - and how America's slave past has influenced its racial atmosphere today - with Slavery.

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Andrew Phillips - War, Religion and Empire; The Tr ansformation of International Orders (2011).jpg

What are international orders, how are they destroyed, and how can they be defended in the face of violent challenges? Advancing an innovative realist-constructivist account of international order, Andrew Phillips addresses each of these questions in War, Religion and Empire. Phillips argues that international orders rely equally on shared visions of the good and accepted practices of organized violence to cultivate cooperation and manage conflict between political communities. Considering medieval Christendom's collapse and the East Asian Sinosphere's destruction as primary cases, he further argues that international orders are destroyed as a result of legitimation crises punctuated by the disintegration of prevailing social imaginaries, the break-up of empires, and the rise of disruptive military innovations. He concludes by considering contemporary threats to world order, and the responses that must be taken in the coming decades if a broadly liberal international order is to survive.

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