Debates over the proper relationship between church and state in America tend to focus either on the founding period or the twentieth century. Left undiscussed is the long period between the ratification of the Constitution and the 1947 Supreme Court ruling in Everson v. Board of Education, which mandated that the Establishment Clause applied to state and local governments.

Steven Green illuminates this neglected period, arguing that during the 19th century there was a "second disestablishment." By the early 1800s, formal political disestablishment was the rule at the national level, and almost universal among the states. Yet the United States remained a Christian nation, and Protestant beliefs and values dominated American culture and institutions. Evangelical Protestantism rose to cultural dominance through moral reform societies and behavioral laws that were undergirded by a maxim that Christianity formed part of the law. Simultaneously, law became secularized, religious pluralism increased, and the Protestant-oriented public education system was transformed. This latter impulse set the stage for the constitutional disestablishment of the twentieth century.

The Second Disestablishment examines competing ideologies: of evangelical Protestants who sought to create a "Christian nation," and of those who advocated broader notions of separation of church and state. Green shows that the second disestablishment is the missing link between the Establishment Clause and the modern Supreme Court's church-state decisions.

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Steven Green - The Second Disestablishment, Church and State in Nineteenth-Century America (2010).pdf

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Thomas J. Curry - Farewell to Christendom,The Futu re of Church and State in America (2001).jpg

Thomas Curry argues that discussion and interpretation of the First Amendment have reached a point of deep crisis. Historical scholarship dealing with the background and interpretation of the Amendment are at an impasse, and judicial interpretation is in a state of disarray. Here, Curry provides a new paradigm for the understanding and exploration of religious liberty, contending that much of the present confusion can be traced to habits of mind that persist from Christendom and inevitably draw government into religious matters. The First Amendment, however, was meant to be a departure from the thinking that had preceded it for nearly fifteen hundred years. Curry traces much of the current difficulty to the largely unexamined assumption on the part of judges and scholars that the amendment created a right--the right to free exercise of religion--and that the courts are the guardians of that right. The First Amendment is, in fact, a limitation on government and a guarantee that the government will not impinge on the religious liberty that citizens already possess by natural right. Here, Curry shows that the key to finding more coherence between Church-State decisions and the historical meaning and purpose of the First Amendment lies in embracing this understanding of the Amendment as a limitation on government.

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Thomas J. Curry - Farewell to Christendom,The Futu re of Church and State in America (2001).pdf

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Osprey - Essential Histories 04 - Gary Gallagher - The American Civil War(1), The War In The East 18 61-May 1863 (2001).jpg

USA Books - Osprey - Essential Histories 04 - Gary Gallagher - The...an Civil War1, The War In The East 1861-May 1863 2001.jpg

The United States saw long-simmering sectional tensions erupt into fighting at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, in April 1861, beginning what would become the most cataclysmic military struggle in the western world between Waterloo and the First World War. This volume focuses on events in the Virginia theater during the conflict's first two years, highlighting Union and Confederate strengths and weaknesses, leadership and strategy on each side, and the ways in which events on the battlefield influenced politics, diplomacy, and debates about emancipation. Osprey Essential Histories are complete yet concise studies of each major conflict in history.

Contents
Introduction · Chronology · Background to war: Societal tensions divide the United Stages 1820-1860 · Outbreak: Election - Southern secession - creation of the Confederacy - Warring sides: Strengths and weaknesses of the Union and the Confederacy · The fighting: From First Manassas to Chancellorsville · Common soldiers: Federals and Confederates in camp and battle · Portrait of a soldier: Robert Augustus Moor, a Confederate soldier · The world around war: Northern and Southern society adjusts to the demands of war · Portrait of a civilian: Elizabeth Herndon Maury on the Virginia home front · How the period ended: An uncertain future

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Osprey - Essential Histories 05 - Robert K. Krick - The American Civil Wa(2), The War in the East 18 63 - May 1865 (2001).jpg

Great battles and famous commanders dominated the military history of the Civil War in the Eastern Theater during the period 1863-1865. This book includes revealing details of the clash at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the costliest battle ever waged in the Western Hemisphere, but, contrary to common belief, puts forward the theory that it was not a great turning point in the war. This book also examines the events that led to Robert E Lee accepting generous terms of surrender from Ulysses S Grant, bringing the war in Virginia to a close. A fascinating look at this crucial point in the American Civil War.

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Osprey - Essential Histories 10 - Stephen D. Engle - The American Civil War(3), The War In The West 1861-July 1863 (2001).jpg

USA Books - Osprey - Essential Histories 10 - Stephen D. Engle - T...an Civil War3, The War In The West 1861-July 1863 2001.jpg

The American Civil War's vast Western Theater witnessed enormously important military campaigning during the period 1861-1863. This book, the third in a four-volume series, examines the geographical, logistical, and strategic factors that shaped fighting in this theater of the American Civil War, as well as assessing officers who played key roles. It covers the story of Ulysses S Grant's important capture of rebel positions before marching south to win the battle of Shiloh, as well as that of Albert Sidney Johnson, the pride of the Confederacy. Finally, it details the dramatic events of the siege of Vicksburg--the Confederates' final fortress.

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Osprey - Essential Histories 11 - Joseph T Glattha ar - The American Civil War (4), The War In The We st 1863-1865 (2001).jpg

USA Books - Osprey - Essential Histories 11 - Joseph T Glatthaar -...erican Civil War 4, The War In The West 1863-1865 2001.jpg

Union military forces suffered momentary defeat followed by sustained success in the Western Theater during the second half of the American Civil War. Following the Union's defeat at Chickamauga, Ulysses S. Grant took command at Chattanooga and orchestrated a striking victory which paved the way for a Union advance against Atlanta, a confederate city second in importance only to Richmond. This book traces the events that surrounded the capture of Atlanta, followed by Sherman's famous campaign of destruction through the southern interior which culminated in April 1865 with the surrender of the last major Confederate field army at Durham Station, North Carolina.

Contents
Introduction · Chronology · Warring sides: War takes its toll · The fighting: Overview and final stages · Common soldiers: Black soldiers and POWs · Portrait of a soldier :William Wilbur Edgerton· The world around war: The home fronts · Portrait of a civilian: Emma LeConte · How the war ended: Peace is declared · Conclusion and consequences: United States

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John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr - Early Cold War Sp ies, The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Pol itics (2006).jpg

USA Books - John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr - Early Cold War Spies,...e Espionage Trials that Shaped American Politics 2006.jpg

Communism was never a popular ideology in America, but the vehemence of American anticommunism varied from passive disdain in the 1920s to fervent hostility in the early years of the Cold War. Nothing so stimulated the white hot anticommunism of the late 1940s and 1950s more than a series of spy trials that revealed that American Communists had co-operated with Soviet espionage against the United States and had assisted in stealing the technical secrets of the atomic bomb as well as penetrating the U.S. State Department, the Treasury Department, and the White House itself. This book reviews the major spy cases of the early Cold War (Hiss-Chambers, Rosenberg, Bentley, Gouzenko, Coplon, Amerasia and others) and the often-frustrating clashes between the exacting rules of the American criminal justice system and the requirements of effective counter-espionage.

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John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr - Early Cold War Sp ies, The Espionage Trials that Shaped American Pol itics (2006).pdf

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Osprey - Essential Histories 45 - Daniel Marston - American Revolution 1774 - 1783 (2002).jpg

The American Revolution has been characterized politically as a united political uprising of the American colonies and militarily as a guerrilla campaign of colonists against the inflexible British military establishment.
Daniel Marston argues that this belief, though widespread, is a misconception. He contends that the American Revolution, in reality, created deep political divisions in the population of the Thirteen Colonies, while militarily pitting veterans of the Seven Years' War against one another, in a conflict that combined guerrilla tactics and classic eighteenth century campaign techniques on both sides. The peace treaty of 1783 that brought an END to the war marked the formal beginning of the United States of America as an independent political entity.

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Edward L. Glaeser. Claudia Goldin - Corruption and Reform, Lessons from America's Economic History ( 2006).jpg

Despite recent corporate scandals, the United States is among the world’s least corrupt nations. But in the nineteenth century, the degree of fraud and corruption in America approached that of today’s most corrupt developing nations, as municipal governments and robber barons alike found new ways to steal from taxpayers and swindle investors. In Corruption and Reform, contributors explore this shadowy period of United States history in search of better methods to fight corruption worldwide today.

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Philip M. Parker - Webster’s Cajun French, Englis h Thesaurus Dictionary (2008).jpeg

If you are learning Cajun French, this book was not created for you. It was created for completely fluent mother-tongue speakers of Cajun French who already know the full meaning of Cajun French words, but who need to learn how a single English translation of a Cajun French word may have ambiguous meanings in the English language. It is designed for bi-lingual education for the non-English reader who wants to improve English-language test scores covering English synonyms. Synonyms may bear no relationship to a translation word (e.g. “love” can signify both an emotion and a score of zero in tennis; zero, while being a synonym of love, is likely to be a bad translation to the original Cajun French headword). This is a regular English thesaurus, like Roget’s, but the entries are sorted alphabetically using headwords from Cajun French. It cannot be used to translate between the two languages, but may help a fluent speaker of Cajun French who is learning basic English, to learn the ambiguities of the English language and its vocabulary. The synonyms for each headword are not translations; Cajun French words are used to facilitate “looking up” English synonyms. Prior to purchase, educators and students should review the contents of this unique form of thesaurus which is free to view on Google books, or using Amazon’s “look inside” function. Public domain translations used were contributed to Webster’s Online Dictionary and have originated from uncited volunteers, native speakers, professional translators, field linguists and academics (not by the editor of the thesaurus). If you would like citation for any translations, make suggestions, note errors, or contribute in any other way, please email Philip M. Parker at INSEAD, who will periodically update this series. Reproduction rights are granted to educators.

Cajun French (sometimes called Louisiana Regional French is a variety or dialects of the French language spoken primarily in Louisiana, specifically in the southern parishes of Orleans, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. John the Baptist, Jefferson, West Baton Rouge, Pointe Coupée, Avoyelles, St. Mary, Iberia, Assumption, and St. Landry.

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Philip M. Parker - Webster’s Cajun French, Englis h Thesaurus Dictionary (2008).pdf

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Scott A. Lukas - Theme Park (2008).jpg

Theme parks are a uniquely interactive and enduring form of entertainment that have influenced architecture, technology, and culture in surprising ways for more than a century, as Scott Lukas now reveals in his compelling historical chronicle.

Theme Park takes the primitive amusements of pleasure gardens as its starting point and launches from there into a rich, in-depth investigation of the evolution of the theme park over the twentieth century. Lukas examines theme parks in countries around the world—including in the United States, Mexico, Europe, Japan, China, South Africa, and Australia—and how themed fairs and parks developed through diverse means and in a variety of settings. The book examines world-famous and lesser-known parks, including the early parks of Coney Island; Madrid’s Movieworld; a series of World Fairs and their luxurious exhibition halls; Six Flags parks and virtual theme parks today; and, of course, the unparalleled achievements of Disneyland and Disney World.

Lukas analyzes the theme park as a living entity that unexpectedly shapes people, their relationships, and the world around them. Theme parks have now become complex representations of the human mind itself, he contends, through its interpretations of books, feature films, video games, and Web sites. Ultimately, Theme Park reveals, the wider influence of theme parks can be found in the shopping malls, branded stores, and casinos that employ the tricks and techniques of amusement parks to dominate our entertainment world today.
Packed with captivating illustrations, Theme Park takes us on historical roller coaster ride that both reanimates the places that shaped our childhoods and anticipates the future of escapism and fantasy fun.

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Scott A. Lukas - Theme Park (2008).pdf

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Tad Daley - Apocalypse Never, Forging the Path to a Nuclear Weapon-Free World (2010).jpg

Apocalypse Never illuminates why we must abolish nuclear weapons, how we can, and what the world will look like after we do. The twenty-first century has ushered in a world at the atomic edge. The pop culture days of Dr. Strangelove have been replaced by the all-too-real single day of 24. Tad Daley has written a book for the general reader about this most crucial of contemporary challenges. Apocalypse Never maintains that the abolition of nuclear weapons is both essential and achievable, and reveals in fine detail what we need to do--both governments and movements--to make it a reality. Daley insists that while global climate change poses the single greatest long-term peril to the human race, the nuclear challenge in its many incarnation--nuclear terror, nuclear accident, a nuclear crisis spinning out of control--poses the single most immediate peril. Daley launches a wholesale assault on the nuclear double standard--the notion that the United States permits itself thousands of these weapons but forbids others from aspiring to even on--insisting that it is militarily unnecessary, morally indefensible, and politically unsustainable. He conclusively repudiates the most frequent objection to nuclear disarmament, "the breakout scenario"--the possibility that after abolition someone might whip back the curtain, reveal a dozen nuclear warheads, and proceed to "rule the world." On the wings of a brand new era in American history, Apocalypse Never makes the case that a comprehensive nuclear policy agenda from President Obama, one that fully integrates nonproliferation with disarmament, can both eliminate immediate nuclear dangers and set us irreversibly on the road to abolition. In jargon-free language, Daley explores the possible verification measures, enforcement mechanisms, and governance structures of a nuclear weapon–free world. Most importantly, he decisively argues that universal nuclear disarmament is something we can transform from a utopian fantasy into a concrete political goal.

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Tad Daley - Apocalypse Never, Forging the Path to a Nuclear Weapon-Free World (2010).pdf

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Alain Pelletier - Boeing, The Complete Story (2010 ).jpg

Founded in 1916, Boeing Commercial Airplanes is the premier aircraft builder in the USA and one of the biggest aerospace constructors in the world. To the man in the street Boeing is inextricably linked with some of the greatest names in aircraft design and construction: the B-17 Flying Fortress bomber, the 707 (the USA’s first commercial jet airliner), the revolutionary 747 ‘jumbo jet’ and the massive B-52 bomber. This comprehensive and handsomely illustrated history of the ‘plane builder from Seattle’ includes details of every aircraft it has ever built, together with data charts and informative text boxes.

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Alain Pelletier - Boeing, The Complete Story (2010 ).pdf

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Mary Roach - Packing for Mars, The Curious Science of Life in the Void (2010).jpg

The best-selling author of Stiff and Bonk explores the irresistibly strange universe of space travel and life without gravity. Space is a world devoid of the things we need to live and thrive: air, gravity, hot showers, fresh produce, privacy, beer. Space exploration is in some ways an exploration of what it means to be human. How much can a person give up? How much weirdness can they take? What happens to you when you can’t walk for a year? have sex? smell flowers? What happens if you vomit in your helmet during a space walk? Is it possible for the human body to survive a bailout at 17,000 miles per hour? To answer these questions, space agencies set up all manner of quizzical and startlingly bizarre space simulations. As Mary Roach discovers, it’s possible to preview space without ever leaving Earth. From the space shuttle training toilet to a crash test of NASA’s new space capsule (cadaver filling in for astronaut), Roach takes us on a surreally entertaining trip into the science of life in space and space on Earth.

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M. Stanton Evans - Blacklisted by History, The Unt old Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Ag ainst America's Enemies (2007).jpg

USA Books - M. Stanton Evans - Blacklisted by History, The Untold ...e McCarthy and His Fight Against Americas Enemies 2007.jpg

Evans's lively book seeks, first, to demonstrate that Communists worked, often successfully, to undermine American security during the Cold War. It tries, second, to defend Sen. Joseph McCarthy, the egregious scourge of American Communists and fellow travelers, against those who, in Evans's (The Theme Is Freedom) view, have unjustly ruined his reputation. On the first point, save for some new details, Evans, a contributing editor to Human Events, treads worn ground. Most scholars, having also used Soviet archives, concede his position and argue now only over secondary matters, like the guilt of Alger Hiss. On the second point, Evans has a tougher case, which he seeks to make as a defense attorney would: by conceding nothing to McCarthy's detractors. Evans is also given to conspiracy thinking—an approach that, by its nature, yields claims that can neither be confirmed nor falsified. Defense attorneys and debaters like Evans follow different rules than historians—they try to score points, not to advance knowledge. Evans is good at the former, his propulsive style carrying much of the argument's burden. But the history Evans relates is already largely known, if not fully accepted.

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Roger Lowenstein - Buffett, The Making of an Ameri can Capitalist (2008).jpg

By picking the right stocks and businesses to invest in, plainspoken Nebraskan Warren Buffett became the richest man in the U.S. In this excellent biography, Wall Street Journal reporter Lowenstein details the billionaire stock market wizard's strategy of betting on the long-term growth of a handful of successful companies such as American Express and Berkshire Hathaway. Providing personal glimpses of a very private man, Lowenstein unearths childhood traumas such as the tormenting rages of Buffett's mother and his forced relocation to Washington, D.C., in 1943, where, at 13, he ran away from home (he was found by the police the next day). Buffett's wife, Susan Thompson, a nightclub singer, walked out on him in 1977 and was quickly replaced by his mistress, Latvian-born Astrid Menks. Lowenstein profiles an emotionally guarded, "strangely stunted" Midas obsessed with work and secrecy, who seemingly derives little pleasure from his fabulous wealth. Photos not seen by PW. Author tour.

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Elizabeth Canning Blackwell - Frommer's Chicago 20 11 (2010).jpg

Don't miss the Art Institute of Chicago, the home of Edward Hopper's iconic "Nighthawks." See chapter 7.
Free pocket map inside,plus easy-to-read maps throughout
Exact prices, directions, opening hours,and other practical information
Candid reviews of hotels and restaurants,plus sights, shopping, and nightlife
Itineraries, walking tours, and trip-planning ideas
Insider tips from local expert authors

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Elizabeth Canning Blackwell - Frommer's Chicago 20 11 (2010).pdf

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Matthew R. Poole - Frommer's Los Angeles 2011 (201 0).jpg

Completely updated every year, Frommer's Los Angeles features enticing color photos of the sights and experiences that await you.
Our author, a native Californian, hits all the highlights, from the Sunset Strip to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. He's checked out all the city's best hotels and restaurants in person, and offers authoritative, candid reviews that will help you find the choices that suit your tastes and budget.
You'll also get up-to-the-minute coverage of shopping, spas, and nightlife; in-depth coverage of Disneyland and Knott’s Berry Farm; and advice on side trips to Long Beach, the South Coast, Santa Catalina Island, and Santa Barbara.
Frommer's Los Angeles also includes a tear-resistant fold-out color map.

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Matthew R. Poole - Frommer's Los Angeles 2011 (201 0).pdf

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Richard Windrow - The World War II GI, US Army Uni forms 1941-45 in Color Photographs (2000).jpg

This remarkably accurate and well-photographed record captures the World War II GI's uniforms in all seasons, on all fronts, and in all types of missions. Authentic uniforms, personal weapons, and kits from leading private collections are realistically depicted on live models who are posed before such authentic backdrops as an M4 tank and the very beaches used for pre-invasion D-Day training exercises.

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