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widziany: 7.01.2026 11:09

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Not since Anthony Eden's Suez War of 1956 has Britain's foreign policy provoked such intense controversy. But how are British foreign policy decisions taken? How does British diplomacy actually work? For generations the Foreign Office operated as an elitist, secretive institution resisting intrusion and change. Now this book reveals the revolution which transformed the Foreign Office. John Dickie describes for the first time how the new mandarins are tested, selected, trained and promoted in Britain's Diplomatic Service. His unrivalled knowledge has enabled him to illuminate the structures of foreign policy making in London, the relationships between career diplomats and the Foreign Secretary, and the workings of the backroom experts connected to shadowy, powerful figures in other capitals. Dickie discloses much that was not previously known, such as the operations of the Anglo-American Intelligence network; the distrust of Britain's European partners; the "brain trust" of academics who provide intellectual rationale for policies; the ways in which foreign policy is affected from the outside through M.P.s, think-tanks, campaigning non-government-organizations and the media.

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A radically unorthodox portrait of the lives of the Welsh is offered in this social history of Wales from 1789–1870. A large range of social subjects—rich landlords in the south, poor peasants in the north, and such unspeakable persons as bastard children and wizards—are discussed along with engrossing analyses of such unusual institutions as the insane asylum and the rural festival. By interpreting the life experiences and emotions of individual people within Welsh society, this inquiry opens up the fascinating and heretofore hidden world of Wales during the rise of industrial Europe.

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Many of the vivid designs that decorate these ancient works of Egyptian art were executed in a dazzling geometrical style which the designer/author of this book saw could be adapted logically to needlepoint canvas. With the exception of the extraordinary golden funerary mask (front cover), he chose not to stitch facsimiles of the objects found in the tomb. Rather, he combined border designs, hieroglyphs, jewelry motifs, inlay patterns, the forms of certain objects, and created stunning compositions of his own. He rendered them with a brilliance of color that is rarely achieved in wool stitchery.
The color plates and detailed graphs show each composition in its entirety. The graphs are then shown in enlarged sections - halves or quadrants - and are accompanied by color keys. From these, any needlepointer of average skill can reproduce Robert Ross exceptionally rich and elegant designs.

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This is the first full comprehensive examination of the turbulent financial and economic relationship between Italy and Albania in the twentieth century, throwing new light on Italian Fascist imperialism. Italy and Albania retraces the complicated foreign and economic strategy that led in 1939 to the “union of the two crowns” of Italy and Albania. Drawing on original research, Roselli shows how Italy's strategy towards Albania veered between the extremes of a minimum of economic penetration and a maximum of political interference.

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Combining older findings with new data on 1,000 previously undescribed archaeological sites, Origins of the Ñuu presents the cultural evolution of the Mixteca Alta in an up-to-date chronological framework.

The ñuu--the kingdoms of the famous Mixtec codices--are traced back through the Postclassic and Classic periods to their beginnings in the first states of the Terminal Formative, revealing their origin, evolution, and persistence through two cycles of growth and collapse. Challenging assumptions that the Mixtec were peripheral to better-known peoples such as the Aztecs or Maya, the book asserts that the ñuu were a major demographic and economic power in their own right.

Older explanations of multiregional or macroregional systems often portrayed civilizations as rising in a cradle or hearth and spreading outward. New macroregional studies show that civilizations are products of more complex interactions between regions, in which peripheries are not simply shaped by cores but by their interactions with multiple societies at varying distances from major centers. Origins of the Ñuu is a significant contribution to this emerging area of archaeological research.

About the Author
Dr. Stephen A. Kowalewski is a professor of anthropology at the University of Georgia and has done fieldwork in the Southwest, Georgia, and Mexico.

The other authors are highly experienced archaeologists participating in the biggest single archaeological survey project in Mesoamerica, hold various teaching and research positions, and continue their fieldwork in the Mixteca Alta as well as other areas.

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During the first half of the twentieth century, the French Basque province of Xiberoa was a place of refuge, conflict, transit, exile and foreign occupation. At the Liberation of France in 1944, many Xiberoans confronted ongoing local divisiveness, rooted in the interwar years, and faced new conflicts arising from legal and civic judgments made during Vichy and German occupation. This book traces the roots of their divided memories to local and official interpretations of what constituted legitimate judgment, legitimate behavior and justice during those troubled times. In order to capture a sense of the diverse ways in which Xiberoan Basques responded to the Germans in their midst, the author explores and contrasts the experiences of people in four different communities located within a fifteen mile radius.

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This is the first theoretically informed study of the relationship between an academic discipline and what the Nazis termed their Weltanschauung. The first study of Sinnbildforschung, German ideograph or swastika studies, though more broadly it tells the tale of the development of German antiquarian studies (ancient Germanic history, archeology, anthropology, folklore, historical linguistics and philology) under the influence of radical-rightwing politics, and the contemporary construction of 'Germanicness' and its role in Nazi thought. The swastika and similar symbols were employed by the ancestors of the modern-day Germans. As these had also become emblematic symbols of the forces of German reaction, Sinnbildforschung became intrinsically connected with the National Socialist regime after 1933 and disappeared along with the Third Reich in 1945.With the Nazi seizure of power, ideographic studies became directly supported by the state. In 1935, an organization was founded within the SS to further its study, the SS-Ahnenerbe. Most infamous as the organ through which medical experiments were arranged to be performed on the inmates of concentration camps, the Ahnenerbe was founded as a historical research institution before it expanded its horizons to the physical sciences.

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Although the dominant political ideology in Scotland between 1707 and the present, unionism has suffered serious neglect. One of the most distinguished Scottish historians of our time looks afresh at this central theme in Britain's history, politics and law, and traces the history of Scottish unionist ideas from the early sixteenth century to the present day. Colin Kidd demonstrates that unionism had impeccably indigenous origins long predating the Union of 1707, and that it emerged in reaction to the English vision of Britain as an empire. Far from being the antithesis of nationalism, modern Scottish unionism has largely occupied a middle ground between the extremes of assimilation to England or separation from it. At a time when the future of the Scottish union is under scrutiny as never before, its history demands Colin Kidd's lucid and cogent examination, which will doubtless generate major debate, both within Scotland and beyond.

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The poor performance of the French economy in the 1930s has long been recognised as a major contributory factor in the decline of the Third Republic, which collapsed after the defeat of 1940. Although France entered the Great Depression later than the rest of the world, French governments failed to learn from the experience of other countries in combating it. This book is the first full study of the formation of economic policy in these crucial years, and of the political debate to which it gave rise. It examines the origins of the notion of planning and the 'planomania', which gripped France in 1934; and it shows why this solution was ultimately rejected. It also analyses in detail the arguments of pro- and anti-devaluers. The conclusion suggests that stagnation was to some extent chosen as a conscious policy, since at least until 1936 the Depression never seemed severe enough to threaten the social order.

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This is an agreeable narrative, easy to read, of the history of the English nation through twenty centuries. It is intended for the reader who wants a comprehensive survey which brings out the important lines of development but does not clog the story with too many facts, dates, treaties and battles. Underlying the account is a professional scholar's acquaintance with recent historical scholarship, conveyed as a stimulating succession of ideas. The reader gets a strong sense of the evolution of English society: the mixture of law, custom and innovation in its constitutional history; its curious blend of characteristics. There are numerous livelt - and sometimes surprising - quotations from the sources. Its compass is the whole field of English history from the Roman occupation to the end of the nineteenth century; a brief postscript brings the story up to the present day.

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  • 4 kwi 12 17:24
This book describes the relationship between British party politics and the conduct of British foreign policy between Hitler's arrival in office in 1933 and Chamberlain's resignation in May 1940.

This book shows how far prime ministers, foreign secretaries and the cabinet responded to parliamentary criticism, and argues that, from mid–1936 onwards, foreign policy and the prospects of the party system were so intimately connected that neither can be understood in isolation from the other.


Contents
Preface
Introduction
Prologue: the unfolding of the problem
1. The recovery of the Labour party
2. The rejection of Lloyd George
3. The function of the League of Nations
Part I. The New Departure:
4. The failure of the League of Nations
5. Chamberlain and Eden
6. Chamberlain and Hitler
Part II. The Opposition:
7. The Labour party
8. Eden, Churchill and their allies
Part III. The Effect:
9. Halifax
10. Chamberlain, Churchill and Hitler
11. The declaration of war
Part IV. The Politics of Easy Victory
12. Chamberlain and the war
13. The fall of Chamberlain

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  • 4 kwi 12 17:24
While Mexico's spiritual history after the 1910 Revolution is often essentialized as a church-state power struggle, this book reveals the complexity of interactions between revolution and religion. Looking at anticlericalism, indigenous cults and Catholic pilgrimage, these authors reveal that the Revolution was a period of genuine religious change, as well as social upheaval.

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  • 4 kwi 12 17:24
In 1492, Granada, the last independent Muslim city on the Iberian Peninsula, fell to the Catholic forces of Ferdinand and Isabella. A century later, in 1595, treasure hunters unearthed some curious lead tablets inscribed in Arabic. The tablets documented the evangelization of Granada in the first century A.D. by St. Cecilio, the city's first bishop. Granadinos greeted these curious documents, known as the plomos, and the human remains accompanying them as proof that their city -- best known as the last outpost of Spanish Islam -- was in truth Iberia's most ancient Christian settlement. Critics, however, pointed to the documents' questionable doctrinal content and historical anachronisms. In 1682, the pope condemned the plomos as forgeries. From Muslim to Christian Granada explores how the people of Granada created a new civic identity around these famous forgeries. Through an analysis of the sermons, ceremonies, histories, maps, and devotions that developed around the plomos, it examines the symbolic and mythological aspects of a new historical terrain upon which Granadinos located themselves and their city. Discussing the ways in which one local community's collective identity was constructed and maintained, this work complements ongoing scholarship concerning the development of communal identities in modern Europe. Through its focus on the intersections of local religion and local identity, it offers new perspectives on the impact and implementation of Counter-Reformation Catholicism.

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  • 4 kwi 12 17:24
Neighbors of the better-known Itza in the central Petén lakes region of Guatemala, the Kowoj Maya have been studied for little more than a decade. The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala summarizes the results of recent research into this ethno-political group conducted by Prudence Rice, Don Rice, and their colleagues.

Chapters in The Kowoj address the question "Who are the Kowoj?" from varied viewpoints: archaeological, archival, linguistic, ethnographic, and bioarchaeological. Using data drawn primarily from the peninsular site of Zacpetén, the authors illuminate Kowoj history, ritual components of their self-expressed identity, and their archaeological identification. These data support the Kowoj claim of migration from Mayapán in Yucatán, where they were probably affiliated with the Xiw, in opposition to the Itza. These enmities extended into Petén, culminating in civil warfare by the time of final Spanish conquest in 1697.

The first volume to consider Postclassic Petén from broadly integrative anthropological, archaeological, and historical perspectives, The Kowoj is an important addition to the literature on late Maya culture and history in the southern lowlands. It will be of particular interest to archaeologists, historians, ethnohistorians, art historians, and epigraphers.

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Feast and Famine traces the history of food and famine in Ireland from the sixteenth to the early twentieth century. It looks at what people ate and drank, and how this changed over time. The authors explore the economic and social forces which lay behind these changes as well as the more personal motives of taste, preference, and acceptability. They analyze the reasons why the potato became a major component of the diet for so many people during the eighteenth century as well as the diets of the middling and upper classes. The authors also look at the relationship between the supply of food and the growth of the population and then finally, and unavoidably in any history of the Irish and food, the issue of famine, examining first its likelihood and then its dreadful reality when it actually occurred.

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This is the first comprehensive study of plantations in Ireland during the years 1580-1650. It examines the arguments advanced by successive political figures for a plantation policy, and the responses that this policy elicited from different segments of the population in Ireland.

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Drawing on archaeological and literary evidence, Dilwyn Jones examines the importance of the boat in Egyptian ritual and belief as well as in everyday life. The sun god was thought to travel across the sky in a solar boat, and Egyptians believed that the deserving might join the god Osiris in his divine bark after death. Boats played an important part in funerary ritual; models were often placed in tombs to provide the deceased with safe passage through the "winding waterway" in the underworld. Also, boats are frequently depicted in tomb-painting. The Nile River has always been a vital transport artery for Egypt, and boats the principal means of travel. Early papyrus skiffs gradually gave way to wooden craft of increasing size and sophistication, ranging from fishing boats and barges to seagoing warships, splendid ships of state, and enormous obelisk barges used to transport stone to temples and monuments. Dilwyn Jones traces the development of the different types of boat and the techniques of their construction through the Old, Middle, and New Kingdom periods.

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