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31

widziany: 17.04.2020 09:07

  • pliki muzyczne
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7717 plików
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  • 154 KB
  • 26 lut 12 17:23
In this freewheeling, selective, iconoclastic history of the world from the 10th century to the present, Fernandez-Armesto concludes that the West's domination of global affairs was far from inevitable and is likely to abate as economic power and initiatives in technology and ideas shift decisively to Pacific rim nations. Editor of The Times Guide to the Peoples of Europe, the author first chronicles the slow, fitful consolidation of Islamic civilization, imperial China, medieval Europe and the Byzantine empire. The great age of European expansion unfolds here in a world full of aggressive competitors. In place of the traditional picture of a largely passive non-European world in arrested development, Fernandez-Armesto portrays the Turkish, Russian and Mongol empires, the Aztec and Inca civilizations, the empires of Morocco, Mali and Ethiopia as having their places on the world stage. Among his more provocative gestures are his portrayals of Washington and Jefferson as provincial English gentlemen, his downplaying of the Renaissance's intellectual impact and his vision of California's future as "an Asiatic land, bound to the orient by transpacific links." Even so, this vivid tapestry, generously illustrated, is continually engaging and challenging.

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Folklore and archaeology are traditionally seen as taking very different approaches to the significance of ancient and historic monuments and to the interpretation of life in the past. Archaeology and Folklore explores the complex relationship between the two disciplines to demonstrate what they might learn from each other.

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Ingvild Saelid Gilhus explores the transition from traditional Greek and Roman religion to Christianity in the Roman Empire and the effect of this change on the concept of animals, illustrating the main factors in the creation of a Christian conception of animals. One of the underlying assumptions of the book is that changes in the way animal motifs are used and the way human-animal relations are conceptualized serve as indicators of more general cultural shifts. Gilhus attests that in late antiquity, animals were used as symbols in a general redefinition of cultural values and assumptions.

A wide range of key texts are consulted and range from philosophical treaties to novels and poems on metamorphoses; from biographies of holy persons such as Apollonius of Tyana and Antony, the Christian desert ascetic, to natural history; from the New Testament via Gnostic texts to the church fathers; from pagan and Christian criticism of animal sacrifice to the acts of the martyrs. Both the pagan and the Christian conception of animals remained rich and multilayered through the centuries and this book presents the dominant themes and developments in the conception of animals without losing that complexity.

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We know the power of the Bible as a source of inspiration and faith, but how well does it serve as a historical record and field guide? What do we know about daily life in ancient Canaan and Israel—not just that of kings and religious leaders, but that of their subjects and followers?

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The remarkable developments concerning the earliest prehistory of Cyprus are presented by scholars immediately involved with the research who discuss the evidence and its interpretation. No other publication encompasses recent findings from the period of earliest colonization of the island to the Neolithic sedentary communities. Together with a review of evidence from the Levant, this collection of papers is essential reading for prehistorians and archaeologists working in the region.

Biography:
Associate Professor Stuart Swiny teaches the art and archaeology of Cyprus from prehistory to the present; the history of ancient Greece; Islamic art and architecture; and the art and architecture of the ancient world up to the Etruscans. Since excavating in Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan in the 1960s and 1970s, his research has focused on the eastern Mediterranean and Cyprus with emphasis on early island colonization, the emergence of complex society, the development of cult and ritual, archaeometallurgy, lithic and ceramic analysis. He offers graduate seminars focusing on the classical period in Greece and archaeological graphic documentation. He also directs field schools in archaeological surveying and excavation on the island of Cyprus. He also serves as director of the Institute of Cypriot Studies at UAlbany.

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PAUL JOHNSON, British author and historian, is the author of many books, including Modern Times, A History of the Jews, Intellectuals, The Birth of the Modern, and The Quest for God, which have been translated into many languages. He has been a frequent contributor to the Daily Telegraph, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Spectator, and other newspapers and magazines. He has lectured to academic, business, and political audiences all over the world.

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The Birth of Britain is the first volume of A History of the English Speaking Peoples, the immensely popular and eminently readable four-volume work by Winston Churchill. A rousing account of the early history of Britain, the work describes the great men and women of the past and their impact on the development of the legal and political institutions of the English. Indeed, Churchill celebrates the creation of the constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system and the kings, queens, and leading nobles who helped create English democracy.

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In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries England underwent a startling series of transformations. The turbulent reigns of the Tudors and Stuarts witnessed the Protestant Reformation, the growth of powerful monarchies, the English Civil War, and the colonization of the new world. In this, the second volume of his History of the English Speaking Peoples, Sir Winston Churchill turned his considerable rhetorical and analytical acumen to weaving a compelling and insightful narrative of these formative centuries.

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Winston S. Churchill's A History of the English Speaking Peoples is the literary masterwork of the twentieth century's greatest historical figure. Beginning with Marlborough's victory at Blenheim in 1704 and ending with Wellington's defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815, Churchill recounts Britain's rise to world leadership over the course of the eighteenth century. In this volume Churchill provides an excellent illustration of his unique literary voice, together with an introduction to his thoughts on the forces that shape human affairs.

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In The Great Democracies, Winston Churchill makes his case for the unique and fundamental role the English-speaking people played in bringing economic progress and political freedom to the world at large. As a work of history, this volume covers the period from the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to the end of the South African or Boer War in 1902. Churchill had a first-person view on some of these events having participated in the charge of the 21st Lancers at Omdurman and reporting on the Boer War for the Morning Post.

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Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice provides a comprehensive summary of the archaeological process as applied in an underwater context. Containing extensive practical advice and information, including how to get involved, basic principles, essential techniques and approaches, project planning and execution, publishing and presenting, this book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in nautical archaeology. Fully illustrated with over 100 drawings and new colour graphics, this second edition includes additional chapters on geophysics, historical research, photography and video, monitoring and maintenance and conservation. With Underwater Archaeology the Nautical Archaeology Society reveals the real underwater treasure – a rich cultural heritage that has helped shape the world in which we live. By outlining the principles and practices, this book will enable the reader to make informed and responsible decisions about how to get the most from their involvement with underwater archaeology. ..

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What was life really like for the ordinary soldier, sailor, airman, and civilian during World War I? Was it different for the British, French, and Americans than it was for the Germans? This work brings to life the military and civilian experiences of ordinary people on both sides of the war. This narrative focuses on how men were recruited and trained, the equipment they used, what they ate, trench warfare as a way of life, and the phenomenon of combat.

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Political disintegration is a persistent feature of world history. The Collapse of Complex Societies, though written by an archaeologist, will therefore strike a chord throughout the social sciences. Any explanation of societal collapse carries lessons not just for the study of ancient societies, but for the members of all such societies in both the present and future. Dr. Tainter describes nearly two dozen cases of collapse and reviews more than 2000 years of explanations. He then develops a new and far-reaching theory that accounts for collapse among diverse kinds of societies, evaluating his model and clarifying the processes of disintegration by detailed studies of the Roman, Mayan and Chacoan collapses.

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Ancient Panama adds depth to our understanding of the political and religious elite ruling in Panama at the time of the European conquest. Mary W. Helms's research greatly expands knowledge of the distribution, extent, and structural nature of these pre-Columbian chiefdoms.
In addition, Helms delves more deeply into select aspects of ancient Panamanian political systems, including the relationship between elite competition and chiefly status, the use of sumptuary goods in the expression of elite power, and the role of elites in regional and long-distance exchange networks. In a significant departure from traditional thinking, she proposes that the search for esoteric knowledge was more important than economic trade in developing long-distance contact among chiefdoms.
The primary data for the study are derived from sixteenth-century Spanish records by Oviedo y Valdés, Andagoya, Balboa, and others. The author also turns to ethnographic data from contemporary native people of Panama, Colombia, tropical America, and Polynesia for analogy and comparison. The result is a highly innovative study which illuminates not only pre-Columbian Panamanian elites but also the nature of chiefdoms as a distinctive cultural type.

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Arabowie do VII w. zamieszkiwali głównie tereny Półwyspu Arabskiego; historycznie plemiona arabskie przed islamem dzieliły się na północne i południowe (podział ten jest znany tylko w wersji mitologicznej), różniące się między sobą językiem i kulturą materialną. Arabowie południowi zamieszkiwali południowo-zachodnią Arabię (zwaną w starożytności Arabią Felix), gdzie stworzyli bogatą cywilizację (znaną tylko z wykopalisk archeologicznych), opartą na wysoko rozwiniętym rolnictwie (znakomity system nawadniający z tamą w Marib koło Sany); od ok. XV w. p.n.e. powstawały tam państwa (Main, Saba, Kataban, Himjar), które eksportowały nad Morze Śródziemne pachnidła, korzenie i złoto oraz kontrolowały szlak handlowy z Indii do Mezopotamii i Egiptu; cywilizacja Arabów południowych upadła w VI w. Od IX w. p.n.e. pojawiają się wzmianki asyryjskie i babilońskie o kraju Aribi w północnej Arabii; powstały tam państewka: Nabatejczyków (IV w. p.n.e.–II w. n.e., ze stolicą Petra) i Palmyra (II w. p.n.e.–III w. n.e.) podbite przez Rzym; Bizancjum i perscy Sasanidzi kontrolowali państewka Lachmidów (III–początek VII w.) i Ghassanidów (V–połowa VII w.). W VI w. ważną rolę odgrywało miasto Mekka, leżące na skrzyżowaniu szlaków handlowych, także jako miejsce ogólnoarabskiego kultu Czarnego Kamienia; tutaj urodził się Mahomet (ok. 570–632), prorok islamu i twórca państwa muzułmańskiego — kalifatu; nowa religia zjednoczyła Arabów, zastępując więzy krwi więzią religijną.

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Dendrochronology is being used in the light of PPG16 in the course of the discoveries made during developer-led excavation and PPG15 to assess the age of timbers in buildings in the hope that a better understanding of the building will lead to better management, repair, and conservation.

Part 1 of the guidelines describes the principles and history of the technique together with a brief introduction to the method. Part 2 gives a step-by-step guide from planning a project to dissemination of results.

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