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Kobieta

widziany: 28.12.2018 19:24

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  • 6 sty 16 10:32
Dogmatic belief in the dominance of the land offensive influenced decisions that resulted in years of futile blood-letting on the Western Front in World War I. Termed the cult of the offensive by scholars of the Great War, faith in the offense became so unshakable in pre-1914 Europe that military organizations dismissed as irrelevant numerous indications of its waning power in the face of technological developments favoring the defense. As we know, the belief that airpower is inherently offensive is a recurrent theme in airpower history and doctrine. Given the predilections of airmen for offensive operations, could a cult of the offensive perniciously trap airpower doctrine and lead to similarly disastrous consequences? By drawing on selected historical experiences of the air forces of Great Britain, Israel, and the United States, Maj John R. Carter Jr. employs a comparative perspective and rigorous case study methodology to offer a detailed examination of that question. He begins by establishing the theoretical background necessary for case study analysis. Airpower defense is defined as those operations conducted to deny another force’s air operations in a designated airspace. Airpower offense consists of those operations in the airspace defended by another, or operations conducted outside of one’s own actively defended airspace. Major Carter dissects there lationship between offense and defense to discover that airpower defense enjoys neither an advantage of position nor of time. He thus concludes that traditional lausewitzian views relative to the power of the defense do not apply to airpower. The author next describes those factors that mayinject or reinforce a preferential bias for offense into airpower strategy and doctrine. Major Carter defines a cult of the offensive as an organizational belief in the power of the offense so compelling that a military organization no longer evaluates its offensive doctrine objectively, which leads to his examination of the ramifications postulated to result from an offensive ideology.

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Contemporary international events, and indeed even the US presidential election, demonstrate the continuing need for debate and discourse over the direction and emphases of US foreign policy. American Global Strategy and the War on Terrorism, addresses a wide range of themes that are crucial to understanding the post-11 September, 2001 crisis and to formulating an effective American and global foreign and security policy to deal with that crisis. Hall Gardner seeks to re-conceptualize the 'war on terrorism' and to analyze the nature of American domestic and international policy-making within the context of historical and structural constraints upon US policy. The book contends that US strategy needs to shift gears and work more diligently to minimize the risks of even wider regional conflicts, possibly involving major powers, through engaging in truly multilateral strategies and through 'strengthening' the UN. This study should be read by contemporary policy makers and scholars of foreign policy.

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With more than 60 essays, A Companion to American Military History presents a comprehensive analysis of the historiography of United States military history from the colonial era to the present.

• Covers the entire spectrum of US history from the Indian and imperial conflicts of the seventeenth century to the battles in Afghanistan and Iraq
• Features an unprecedented breadth of coverage from eminent military historians and emerging scholars, including little studied topics such as the military and music, military ethics, care of the dead, and sports
• Surveys and evaluates the best scholarship on every important era and topic
• Summarizes current debates and identifies areas where conflicting interpretations are in need of further study

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Ivory Towers and Nationalist Minds traces the rise of the great American universities through their formative years, 1862-1920, examining the role of these schools and their leadership in shaping American politics and public policy. Nemec's provocative study demonstrates that universities provided the intellectual and institutional apparatus needed to legitimize federal authority. His work challenges existing scholarship by documenting how the influx of academic expertise into the developing American state was fostered by campus entrepreneurs seeking to establish the social relevance of their institutions, rather than by the state itself.

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  • 6 sty 16 10:32
Since its first publication in 2000, Power Play has become a key text in the study of media sport. Charting the relationship between sport and the media, the book examines the media's domination of the way sport is played, organized, represented, and understood in society. This fully revised and updated edition reviews recent developments in the interdisciplinary field of media sport studies and provides new analysis of the global sports media marketplace, taking into consideration the rapid changes in the media coverage of sport brought by the Internet and new digital media platforms. Written by two experienced and internationally renowned researchers in the field, Power Play recasts our understanding of media sport in the twenty first century.

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Vine, assistant professor of anthropology at American University in Washington, D.C., relates the untold story of how in the 1970s, the U.S. forcibly relocated the population of Diego Garcia, a small archipelago near the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, in order to build a military base. Colonized by first the French, then the British, the island was populated by African slaves used to cultivate the coconut plantations fueling Mauritius's sugar industry. Vine reveals how the official U.S. Navy strategy of using island naval bases to secure American power during the Cold War led to the decision to deport the indigenous population, the Chagossians, who were not compensated for the loss of livelihood or property and endured pervasive institutional racism, extreme poverty and health problems. Interviews with surviving Chagossians and the officials who supervised the relocation show the strategic planning and careful coverup in establishing what is now one of the largest military bases in the world. While Vine has done a great service in documenting the forgotten plight of the Chagossians, the book's sluggish pace and painstaking details will dissuade casual readers.

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Throughout history, people have often expressed controversial and conflicting interpretations of current events. In this unique resource, Joan Brodsky Schur reveals how compelling and engaging the study of history becomes when students use documents to imagine living through events in American history.
Eyewitness to the Past examines six types of primary sources: diaries, travelogues, letters, news articles, speeches, and scrapbooks. Teachers will find interactive strategies to help students analyze the unique properties of each, and apply to them their own written work and oral argument. Students learn to express opposing viewpoints in documents, classroom interactions, and simulations such as staging congressional hearings, elections, or protests. They build crucial analytical thinking and presentation skills. Used together, the six strategies offer a varied and cohesive structure for studying the American past that reinforces material in the textbook, encourages creativity, activates different learning styles, and strengthens cognitive skills.
Each chapter provides detailed instructions for implementing an eyewitness strategy set in a specific era of American history, and includes extensions for adapting the strategy to other time periods. In addition to the primary sources included in the book, examples of student work are presented throughout to aid teachers in evaluating the work of their own students. Rubrics and a list of resources are offered for each eyewitness strategy.

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In Faith-Based Initiatives and the Bush Administration: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly noted scholars Jo Renee Formicola and Mary C. Segers analyze the administration's initiative from three distinct dimensions. They begin by reviewing the administration's intent and the policy's potential to create a viable, legal accommodation between church and state on matters of social justice. Next, the authors look at the constitutional hazards and havoc that such a program would likely create. Finally, they examine the politics of implementing these faith-based initiatives among those groups trying to enact and oppose such a strategic change in American public policy.

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"Opening Up North America, 1497-1800, Revised Edition" integrates in a chronological narrative the voyages taken from Florida to Newfoundland, covering the first recorded contact of John Cabot in 1497 through Alexander Mackenzie's journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific in 1793. Through these stories, the geography of northeastern North America is pieced together and the impact European exploration had on Native American society continues to be felt today. Coverage of this title includes: the importance of cod fishing in the North Atlantic; Beaver hats and the role played by the fur trade in exploration of the continent's interior; Spanish, French, and English claims to territory in the southeast in the 16th century; and, exploration by Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, Henry Hudson, Etienne Brule, Rene-Robert Cavaller, Sieur de La Salle, and others.

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According to history professor Von Eschen, at a time when the cultural contributions of black Americans were being derided, the U.S. State Department found it useful to send luminaries of jazz music into the world as ambassadors, preceding covert actions in Europe and Africa. In this exploration of the significance of jazz as a propaganda tool during the cold war era, Von Eschen looks at how this phenomenon was reflected in the domestic civil rights movement. Using Louis Armstrong, "Satchmo," as her focus, she recounts privately sponsored international tours that provoked tensions and debates within the State Department. Opponents saw blacks and their creations of jazz and gospel as culturally inferior, while proponents argued that jazz was representative of America at its best and the tours were useful in advancing domestic and overseas agendas. This book puts fresh light on jazz, Satchmo, and the civil rights era.

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"Code Talkers and Warriors", part of the insightful new "Landmark Events in Native American History" set, chronicles Native American life during World War II. This impeccably researched and illustrated volume covers issues such as draft resistance on the basis of religion and sovereignty; the relocation of Native Americans to West Coast defense plants; how the war facilitated assimilationist thinking; the transition to post-war life; and Native American contributions to the war effort, such as the famed code talkers and Iwo Jima.

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For 250 years, slavery was part of the fabric of American life. The institution had an enormous economic impact and was central to the wealth of the agrarian South. It had as great an impact on American culture, cementing racism and other attitudes that echo into the present. This encyclopedia is an ambitious examination of all the issues surrounding slavery: the origins, the justifications, the controversies, and the human drama.

These volumes represent the work of 75 distinguished scholars from around the world. Ten thematic essays present a thorough examination of slavery and slave culture, including a rare treatment of slavery from the slave's point of view. Three hundred A–Z entries provide instant access to specific people, issues, and events. Today, slavery's immorality seems obvious. This encyclopedia provides the student or general reader with an in-depth explanation of how the practice evolved and was normalized, then anathematized and abolished.

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In 1492, Christopher Columbus led an expedition sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to find the passage to the west to the riches of India. Instead, he discovered the islands of present-day Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. Columbus' voyage inspired others to venture west to the Americas in search of wealth and exploration. Other expeditions, undertaken by such explorers as Amerigo Vespucci, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Hernando de Soto, and George Vancouver, changed life in both hemispheres. "Discovery of the Americas, 1492-1800, Revised Edition" tells the stories of explorers whose travels made major contributions to world history. Coverage of this title includes: Vasco Nunez de Balboa's sighting of the Pacific Ocean in 1513; Hernan Cortes's conquest of present-day Mexico and how his letters to Charles V taught; European people about Aztec civilization; Francisco Pizarro's claim of the area that is now Peru for Spain in the early 16th century; and, the establishment of missions in present-day California by Father Junipero Serra during the late 18th century.

About the Author
Tom Smith holds a B.A. in English literature from Drew University and an M.A. in American literature from Southern Connecticut State University. His graduate work and research assistantship dealt extensively with immigrant literature and history. He has worked for over 25 years as a freelance researcher, writer, and editor. He has also written numerous chapters and entries about topics such as law, society, trials, the environment, and the American West.

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The establishment of a new nation following the American Revolutionary War meant there were many ripe chances for explorers to investigate the new world that comprised the United States. "Exploring North America 1800-1900, Revised Edition" traces the history of the exploration of western North America and the impact it had on the histories of both the United States and Canada. These stories present an exciting and inspiring narrative, full of moments of great courage, insight, and individual and collective achievement. Coverage of this title includes: John Wesley Powell's summer expedition that traversed the length of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon; the other explorers, aside from Lewis and Clark, who joined Thomas Jefferson's ambitious program of exploration, such as the Dunbar-Hunter Expedition and the Freeman-Custis Expedition; and, a look at the societies that resulted from the new Western territories, including Native Americans, Hispanics, and African Americans.

About the Author
Maurice Isserman holds a B.A. in history from Reed College and an M.A. and Ph.D. in history from the University of Rochester. He is a professor of history at Hamilton College, specializing in 20th-century U.S. history and labor history. Isserman was a Fulbright distinguished lecturer at Moscow State University in 1997 and has received numerous other grants, awards, and fellowships. He has written dozens of articles, reviews, reference book entries, and book chapters, and is the author of 10 books, including four Facts On File titles.

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Economists have long counseled reliance on markets rather than on government to decide a wide range of questions, in part because allocation through voting can give rise to a "tyranny of the majority." Markets, by contrast, are believed to make products available to suit any individual, regardless of what others want. But the argument is not generally correct. In markets, you can't always get what you want. This book explores why this is so and its consequences for consumers with atypical preferences.

When fixed costs are substantial, markets provide only products desired by large concentrations of people. As a result, people are better off in their capacity as consumers when more fellow consumers share their product preferences. Small groups of consumers with less prevalent tastes, such as blacks, Hispanics, people with rare diseases, and people living in remote areas, find less satisfaction in markets. In some cases, an actual tyranny of the majority occurs in product markets. A single product can suit one group or another. If one group is larger, the product is targeted to the larger group, making them better off and others worse off.

The book illustrates these phenomena with evidence from a variety of industries such as restaurants, air travel, pharmaceuticals, and the media, including radio broadcasting, newspapers, television, bookstores, libraries, and the Internet.

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Through a Glass Darkly was William Hinton's last book. It draws on a lifetime of immersion in Chinese politics and society, beginning with the seven years he spent in China, working mainly in agriculture and land reform, until 1953. On his return to the United States in that year, Hinton first encountered the distortions and misrepresentations of the Chinese Revolution that he examines in this book.

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