Animals in Celtic Life and Myth examines the intimate relationship between humans and animals in a society in which animals were central to all aspects of life. Miranda Green refers to a variety of early Celtic documents, as well as archaeological and iconographical evidence to argue that the Celts believed many animals to be sacred, either possessing divine status or acting as mediators between gods and humans. She covers the crucial role of animals in the Celtic economy; in hunting and welfare; in Celtic art and literature; in religion and ritual. The book covers the important period between 8 BC and AD 1, during which much of Europe, ranging from Ireland to Czechoslovakia, was turning to Christianity.

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11,3 MB
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David Deming - Science and Technology in World His tory, Vol. 1, The Ancient World and Classical Civi lization (2010).pdf

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203 KB
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David Deming - Science and Technology in World His tory, Vol. 1, The Ancient World and Classical Civi lization (2010).jpg

Starożytność - David Deming - Science and Technology in World Histo...1, The Ancient World and Classical Civilization 2010.jpg

Science is a living, organic activity, the meaning and understanding of which have evolved incrementally over human history. This book, the first in a roughly chronological series, explores the development of the methodology and major ideas of science, in historical context, from ancient times to the decline of classical civilizations around 300 A.D. It includes details specific to the histories of specialized sciences including astronomy, medicine and physics--along with Roman engineering and Greek philosophy. It closely describes the contributions of such individuals as Pythagoras, Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander the Great, Euclid, Archimedes, Ptolemy, Seneca, Pliny the Elder, and Galen.

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133,1 MB
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Ian Shaw, Paul Nicholson - The British Museum, Dic tionary of Ancient Egypt (2002) [PDF].rar

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100 KB
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Ian Shaw, Paul Nicholson - The British Museum, Dic tionary of Ancient Egypt (2002).jpg

This illustrated dictionary provides descriptions of the important ideas, events and personalities throughout four thousand years of Egyptian civilization. Included are over 600 extensively cross-referenced and indexed entries, 420 illustrations, 70 maps and many line drawings.

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3,4 MB
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Norman Yoffee - Myths of the Archaic State, Evolut ion of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizati ons (2004).pdf

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229 KB
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Norman Yoffee - Myths of the Archaic State, Evolut ion of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizati ons (2004).jpg

Starożytność - Norman Yoffee - Myths of the Archaic State, Evolution... the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations 2004.jpg

Classical archaeology promotes the view that a state's evolution reflects general, universal forces. Norman Yoffee challenges the model in this book by presenting more complex and multi-linear models for the evolution of civilizations. Yoffee questions the definition of the prehistoric state, particularly that which heralds "the chiefdom" as the forerunner of the ancient state and explores case studies on the role of women in ancient societies.

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1,9 MB
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Averil Cameron -The Mediterranean World in Late An tiquity, AD 395-600 (1993).pdf

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175 KB
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Averil Cameron -The Mediterranean World in Late An tiquity, AD 395-600 (1993).jpg

This book provides both a detailed introduction to the vivid and exciting period of `late antiquity' and a direct challenge to conventional views of the end of the Empire.

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0,9 MB
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David Rohrbacher - Historians of Late Antiquity (2 002).pdf

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201 KB
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David Rohrbacher - Historians of Late Antiquity (2 002).jpg

The fourth and fifth centuries AD were an era of religious conflict, political change, and military struggle; they were in short a period of profound change as new ideas and changing empires challenged and disrupted the ancient world. The historians of these turbulent times were a diverse group and their individual backgrounds reflected the world they observed and recorded. They were both pagan and Christian, writing in both Greek and Latin, and documented church and state.
Here the reader will find a survey of their lives and their writings. The first half explores the structure, style and purpose of their writings and the second compares and contrasts the information they provide and the views they express so that the reader will not only gain a sense of them as individuals but will benefit from having multiple vantage points on a fascinating time.

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C.B.F. Walker - Pismo klinowe (1998).jpg

Książka ta daje przegląd rozwoju pisma od najwcześniejszych znaków obrazkowych po ostatnie tabliczki z obliczeniami astronomicznymi.Pokazuje też sposoby, dzieki którym pismo klinowe zaczęto używać do zapisywania wielu różnych języków Starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu. Omówiony jest sposód w jaki odczytano pismo klinowe, a kolekcjonerzy znajdą kilka wskazówek w jaki sposób rozpoznać inskrypcje, będące falsyfikatami.

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2,2 MB
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Alison Sharrock, Rhiannon Ash - Fifty Key Classica l Authors (2006).pdf

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18 KB
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Alison Sharrock, Rhiannon Ash - Fifty Key Classica l Authors (2006).jpg

This brilliant collection aims to tell the story of classical literature: how it developed, flourished, and changed throughout the ages. The individual essays, which constitute the main body of the book, give for each of the fifty authors a substantial introduction to the author's life, works, and cultural and social positions. The essays collectively create an overall sense of the main periods of the flowering classical culture, and of the significance of historical events which affected it.

About the Author
Alison Sharrock is head of the Classics department at the University of Keele.

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29,8 MB
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Simon Marcel - Cywilizacja Wczesnego Chrześcijańst wa (1981).pdf

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143 KB
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Simon Marcel - Cywilizacja Wczesnego Chrześcijańst wa (1981).jpg

Tematem pracy
są cztery pierwsze wieki n.e. i wpływ jaki wywierało chrześcjiaństwo na schyłkową już, kulturę pogańskiego Rzymu. Poznajemy proces rozszerzania się nowej wiary, strukturę organizacyjną jej wyznawców, stopniowe opanowywanie przez nią rozmaitych dziedzin życia. Widzimy rewolucyjny jak na owe czasy charakter chrześcijaństwa oraz rolę, jaką odegrało ono w przemianach kulturowych, politycznych i społecznych, a także jak wiele cywilizacja chrześcijańska zaczerpnęła ze świata rzymskiego. Zawiera słownik osób, nazw, terminów i pojęć, bibliografię, indeksy osób i rzeczowy.

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9,2 MB
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Pierre Grimal - The Concise Dictionary of Classica l Mythology (1990).pdf

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223 KB
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Pierre Grimal - The Concise Dictionary of Classica l Mythology (1990).jpg

There has been nothing in English like Grimal's authoritative dictionary of Greek and Roman mythological figures. Now translated, this text will be an essential source for specialists and general readers alike. Alphabetized, biographical entries are comprehensive, careful to indicate historical and literary context, free from ideology, and readable. Each entry provides extremely useful bibliographic references to ancient literature. Forty genealogical tables, two maps, cross-references, full index, and illustrations further enhance the utility of this invaluable, and sorely needed, source.

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5,5 MB
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William J. Hamblin - Warfare in the Ancient Near E ast to 1600 BC, Holy Warriors at the Dawn of Histo ry (2006.pdf

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255 KB
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William J. Hamblin - Warfare in the Ancient Near E ast to 1600 BC, Holy Warriors at the Dawn of Histo ry (2006.jpg

Starożytność - William J. Hamblin - Warfare in the Ancient Near Eas...o 1600 BC, Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History 2006.jpg

The only book available that covers this subject, Warfare in the Ancient Near East is a groundbreaking and fascinating study of ancient near Eastern military history from the Neolithic era to the middle Bronze Ages.

Drawing on an extensive range of textual, artistic and archaeological data, William J. Hamblin synthesizes current knowledge and offers a detailed analysis of the military technology, ideology and practices of Near Eastern warfare.

Paying particular attention to the earliest known examples of holy war ideaology in Mesopotamia and Egypt, Hamblin focuses on:

* recruitment and training of the infantry
* the logistics and weaponry of warfare
* the shift from stone to metal weapons
* the role played by magic
* narratives of combat and artistic representations of battle
* the origins and development of the chariot as military transportation
* fortifications and siegecraft
*developments in naval warfare.

Beautifully illustrated, including maps of the region, this book is essential for experts and non-specialists alike.

About the Author
William J. Hamblin is Associate Professor at Brigham Young University, Utah. He has written and taught on both the ancient near east and on the same region in the middle ages.

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2,4 MB
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John W. Humphrey - Ancient Technology (2006).pdf

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48 KB
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John W. Humphrey - Ancient Technology (2006).jpg

From the Palaeolithic age to the height of the Roman Empire, this concise reference source takes a closer look at six ancient technological events and their effects on civilization.

Since ancient times, technological advances have increased man's chances for survival. From the practicality of a Roman aqueduct to the art of the written word, man has always adapted his environment to meet his needs, and to provide himself with sustenance, comfort, comfort, leisure, a higher quality of living, and a thriving culture. This concise reference source takes a closer look at six technological events that significantly impacted the evolution of civilization, from the Palaeolithic age to the height of the Roman Empire. As he touches on the common elements of ancient technology—energy, machines, mining, metallurgy, ceramics, agriculture, engineering, transportation, and communication—Humphrey asks questions central to understanding the impact of ancient tools on the modern world: What prompts change? What cultural traditions inhibit change? What effect do these changes have on their societies and civilization?

Humphrey explores technologies as both physical tools and as extensions of the human body, beginning with the invention of the Greek alphabet and including such accomplishments as early Neolithic plant cultivation, the invention of coinage, the building of the Parthenon, and Rome's urban water system. Detailed line drawings of tools and machines make ancient mechanics more easily accessible. Primary documents, glossary, biographies, and a timeline dating from the Palaeolithic age to the Roman Empire round out the work, making this an ideal reference source for understanding the tools of the ancient world.

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269 KB
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Gwendolyn Leick - A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eas tern Mythology (2003).jpg

The Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology covers sources from Mesopotamia, Syro-Palestine and Anatolia, from around 2800 to 300 BC. It contains entries on gods and goddesses, giving evidence of their worship in temples, describing their 'character', as documented by the texts, and defining their roles within the body of mythological narratives; synoptic entries on myths, giving the place of origin of main texts and a brief history of their transmission through the ages; and entries explaining the use of specialist terminology, for such things as categories of Sumerian texts or types of mythological figures.

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1,2 MB
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Martti Nissinen - Prophets and Prophecy in the Anc ient Near East (2003).pdf

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48 KB
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Martti Nissinen - Prophets and Prophecy in the Anc ient Near East (2003).jpg

This is the first book to gather the available ancient Near Eastern extrabiblical sources containing prophetic words or references to prophetic activities. Among the 140 texts included in this volume are oracles of prophets, personal letters, formal inscriptions, and administrative documents from ancient Mesopotamia and Levant from the second and first millennia B.C.E.

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13,3 MB
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Richard Jasnow - Security for Debt in Ancient Near Eastern Law (2001).pdf

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189 KB
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Richard Jasnow - Security for Debt in Ancient Near Eastern Law (2001).jpg

Creditors have always sought the protection of the law to secure themselves against loss if the debtor cannot or will not pay the debt. This volume examines the legal instruments of security available to creditors in the earliest known legal systems, their use and abuse, and the ways in which the law sought to satisfy the differing interests of creditors, debtors, and society in general, with varying degrees of success. The book covers all the major legal systems of the ancient Near East, from Sumer to Ptolemaic Egypt, as well as comparative historical developments up to the present day. Twelve scholars have each contributed a study of their special period of expertise, while the general issues that arise from their research are discussed in a concluding chapter.

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5,6 MB
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Ton Derks, Nico Roymans - Ethnic Constructs in Ant iquity, The Role of Power and Tradition (2009).pdf

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119 KB
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Ton Derks, Nico Roymans - Ethnic Constructs in Ant iquity, The Role of Power and Tradition (2009).jpg

This original volume explores themes of ethnicity and ethnogenesis in the societies of the ancient world. It starts with a current view held by many in the social and historical sciences, namely that ethnicity is a subjective concept shaped through an interaction with the ethnic other. The thirteen essays collected here analyze historical, epigraphic, and archaeological source material in order to consider the dynamic nature of ethnic formations over time, and range thematically from archaic Greece to early medieval Western Europe.

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14,6 MB
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Jenny March - Cassell's Dictionary of Classical My thology (2001).pdf

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