During the first part of the twentieth century, German science led the world. The most important scientific institution in Germany was the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, including institutes devoted to different fields of scientific research. These researchers were not burdened by teaching obligations and enjoyed excellent financial and material support. When the National Socialists came to power in Germany, all of German society, including science, was affected. The picture that previously dominated our understanding of science under National Socialism from the end of the Second World War to the recent past - a picture of leading Nazis ignorant and unappreciative of modern science and of scientists struggling to resist the Nazis - needs to be revised. This book surveys the history of Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes under Hitler, illustrating definitively the cooperation, if not collaboration, between scientists and National Socialists in order to further the goals of autarky, racial hygiene, war, and genocide.

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2,0 MB
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Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse, Mark Walker - The Kai ser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism (2009 ).pdf

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210 KB
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Philipp J. C. Elliot-Wright - Brassey's History of Uniforms - English Civil War (1997).jpg

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42,5 MB
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Philipp J. C. Elliot-Wright - Brassey's History of Uniforms - English Civil War (1997).pdf

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29 KB
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David C. Conrad - Empires of Medieval West Africa, Ghana, Mali, and Songhay (2009).jpg

Beginning about 1200 CE, the Mali, Songhay, and Ghana empires spread their sequential influence across the western horn of Africa, making advances in trade, language, culture, and economy. Influenced heavily by Islam in their later periods, these empires flourished and grew under a series of powerful leaders, including one, Mansa Musa, whose skills were celebrated in European capitals. "Empires of Medieval West Africa, Revised Edition" discusses the vital role salt and other natural resources played in the development of the empires, the rich and diverse cultures, and the influence of the growing Islamic Empire on every day life. Included are some transcriptions of the oral tradition that is, in many cases, the only record of the deeds and achievements of these people. Connections to life today include the continuing impact of Islam and tribal groups in today's Africa and the influence of the medieval traditions on modern music and cuisine.

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18,8 MB
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David C. Conrad - Empires of Medieval West Africa, Ghana, Mali, and Songhay (2009).pdf

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Dennis Showalter - Hindenburg, Icon of German Mili tarism (2005).jpg

With his victory over the Russian army at the battle of Tannenberg in August 1914, Paul von Hindenburg became a war hero. By 1916 he had parlayed an exaggerated reputation for decisive victory into near dictatorial powers. After Germany’s defeat at Verdun and War Minister Erich von Falkenhayn’s dismissal in late 1916, Hindenburg, along with his chief of staff Erich Ludendorff, took over strategic direction of the war. The eponymous Hindenburg Program attempted with some success to mobilize Germany’s economy for war. He also oversaw many of Germany’s most important wartime decisions, including the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare, Bethmann Hollweg’s dismissal as chancellor, Russia’s defeat and negotiation of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and the “Ludendorff Offensives” of 1918, which sought decisive victory on the Western Front but ended in Germany’s catastrophic defeat. After the war, Hindenburg played a crucial role in creating the Dolchstosslegende (the myth that the German Army had been “stabbed in the back” by a Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy on the homefront), in leading Germany as president of the Weimar Republic, and, most tragically, in acquiescing to Adolf Hitler’s rise to power.

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10,3 MB
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Dennis Showalter - Hindenburg, Icon of German Mili tarism (2005).pdf

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Ashley Jackson - British Empire And the Second Wor ld War (2006).jpg

In 1939 Hitler went to war not just with Great Britain; he also went to war with the whole of the British Empire, the greatest empire that there had ever been. Because in the years since 1945 that empire has disappeared, the crucial fact that the British Empire fought together as a whole during the war has been forgotten. All the parts of the empire joined the struggle and were involved in it from the beginning, undergoing huge changes and sometimes suffering great losses as a result. The war in the desert, the defence of Malta and the Malayan campaign, and the contribution of the empire as a whole in terms of supplies, communications and troops, all reflect the strategic importance of Britain's imperial status. Men and women not only from Australia, New Zealand and India but from many parts of Africa and the Middle East all played their part. Winston Churchill saw the war throughout in imperial terms. The British Empire and the Second World War emphasises a central fact about the Second World War that is often forgotten.

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Robin Frame - Ireland and Britain, 1170-1450 (2003 ).jpg

In this collection of essays Robin Frame concentrates upon two main themes: the place of the Lordship of Ireland within the Plantagenet state; and the interaction of settler society and English government in the culturally hybrid frontier world of later medieval Ireland itself. As a preludeto both these themes, Ireland and Britain, 1170-1450 begins with a hitherto unpublished discussion of why 'the first English conquest of Ireland' has been viewed as a failure, and has rarely received the attention it deserves.

The first group of essays addresses such topics as the changing character of the aristocratic networks that bound Ireland to britain; the impact of the Scottish invasion led by Edward and Robert Bruce in the early fourteenth centruy; the identity of the 'English' political community that emerged in Ireland by the reign of Edward III; and the case for a broadly conceived British history, incorporating rather than excluding the English of Ireland. The subsequent group explore the character of Irish warfare, the adaptation of English institutions to a marcher environment; the exercise of power by regional magnates; and the complex practical interactions between royal government and Gaelic Irish Leaders.

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22,7 MB
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Robin Frame - Ireland and Britain, 1170-1450 (2003 ).pdf

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John M. Weeks, Frauke Sachse, Christian M. Prager - Maya Daykeeping, Three Calendars from Highland G uatemala (2002).jpg

Historia2 - John M. Weeks, Frauke Sachse, Christian M. Prager - Ma...ykeeping, Three Calendars from Highland Guatemala 2002.jpg

In Maya Daykeeping, three divinatory calendars from highland Guatemala--examples of a Mayan literary tradition that includes the Popul Vuh, Annals of the Cakchiquels, and the Titles of the Lords of Totonicapan--dating to 1685, 1722, and 1855, are transcribed in K'iche or Kaqchikel side-by-side with English translations. Calendars such as these continue to be the basis for prognostication, determining everything from the time for planting and harvest to foreshadowing illness and death. Good, bad, and mixed fates can all be found in these examples of the solar calendar and the 260-day divinatory calendar.

The use of such calendars is mentioned in historical and ethnographic works, but very few examples are known to exist. Each of the three calendars transcribed and translated by John M. Weeks, Frauke Sachse, and Christian M. Prager--and housed at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology--is unique in structure and content. Moreover, except for an unpublished study of the 1722 calendar by Rudolf Schuller and Oliver La Farge (1934), these little-known works appear to have escaped the attention of most scholars. Introductory essays contextualize each document in time and space, and a series of appendixes present previously unpublished calendrical notes assembled in the early twentieth century.

Providing considerable information on the divinatory use of calendars in colonial highland Maya society previously unavailable without a visit to the University of Pennsylvania's archives, Maya Daykeeping is an invaluable primary resource for Maya scholars.

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Philip L. Kohl, Clare Fawcett - Nationalism, Polit ics and the Practice of Archaeology (1996).jpg

Archaeology has often been put to political use, particularly by nationalists. This timely collection ranges from propaganda purposes served by archaeology in the Nazi state to lesser-known instances of ideological archaeology elsewhere. A distinguished group of international scholars highlights common threads in these experiences, arguing that archaeologists need to be more sophisticated about the use and abuse of their studies. The book raises cogent questions concerning not only archaeology, but also history and anthropology in general.

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Philip L. Kohl, Clare Fawcett - Nationalism, Polit ics and the Practice of Archaeology (1996).djvu

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Alessandra Petrina - Machiavelli in the British Is les (2009).jpg

"Machiavelli in the British Isles" reassesses the impact of Machiavelli's "The Prince" in sixteenth-century England and Scotland through the analysis of early English translations produced before 1640, surviving in manuscript form. This study concentrates on two of the four extant sixteenth-century versions: William Fowler's Scottish translation and the "Queen's College" (Oxford) English translation, which has been hitherto overlooked by scholars. Alessandra Petrina begins with an overview of the circulation and readership of Machiavelli in early modern Britain before focusing on the eight surviving manuscripts. She reconstructs each manuscript's history and the afterlife of the translations before moving to a detailed examination of two of the translations. Petrina's investigation of William Fowler's translation takes into account his biography, in order to understand the Machiavellian influence on early modern political thought. Her study of the "Queen's College" translation analyses the manuscript's provenance as well as technical details including writing and paper quality. Importantly, this book includes annotated editions of both translations, which compare the texts with the original Italian versions as well as French and Latin versions. With this volume Petrina has compiled an important reference source, offering easy access to little-known translations and shedding light on a community of readers and scholars who were fascinated by Machiavelli, despite political or religious opinion.

About the Author
Alessandra Petrina is Professor of English Literature at the Universita di Padova, Italy. She has published The Kingis Quair of James I of Scotland (1997) and Cultural Politics in Fifteenth-century England. The Case of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (2004).

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Raymond Smullyan - The Chess Mysteries of the Arab ian Knights (1981).jpg

In this collection of problems, Raymond Smullyan transports the game of chess to the world of the Arabian knights. The White King is Haroun Al Rashid, the White Bishop is his Grand Vizier, Archie. They are out to counter the Black King Kazir's attempts at invisibility, and to unmask the disguised Queen Medea. In addition, using the deductive logic that is the hallmark of these exercises in retrograde analysis, Haroun and Archie discover pawns who've robbed the royal treasury, lazy knights who refuse to move more than once or twice, and buried castles, as well as encountering any number of phantoms, genii, magicians, philosophers, and hermits.

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Raymond Smullyan - The Chess Mysteries of the Arab ian Knights (1981).pdf

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Robin Doak - Empire of the Islamic World (2009).jpg

While Europe was in the Dark Ages, classical learning from ancient Greece, Rome, and Persia was being preserved and advanced in Islamic libraries and universities. From 632 to 1258, the Islamic Empire was the most powerful and cultured domain in the world. Less than a century after its founding, the empire had grown from a loose confederation of desert tribes into the largest empire in the history of the world, larger than the mighty Roman Empire at its peak. "Empire of the Islamic World, Revised Edition" opens with a brief summary of the Islamic Empire, and gives a sense of the world and geographic area in the years leading up to the empire. The book continues by exploring the empire's society, culture, and daily life including architecture and art; astronomy and mathematics; customs, holidays, sports, and foods; government systems; industry and trade; language and literature; military structure and strategy; and, mythology and religious beliefs.

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Robin Doak - Empire of the Islamic World (2009).pdf

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Wendy Christensen - Empire of Ancient Egypt (2009).jpg

A great civilization that grew up around the Nile River, ancient Egypt had sophisticated irrigation systems that held back the desert, writing and recordkeeping that tracked every event in the region, and some of the greatest architects and engineers the world has ever seen. This revised edition of "Empire of Ancient Egypt" sorts through the myths of popular culture and contradictory historical evidence to give a clear, detailed picture of the life and history of the ancient Egyptians. It explains why religion played such an important part in Egyptian politics, who stood atop the Egyptian social pyramid, what games Egyptian children played, and why Egypt eventually succumbed to the Roman Empire. Connections to our modern world include everything from licorice, cosmetics, and the domesticated cat to architecture, farming practices, and baseball.

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15,3 MB
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Wendy Christensen - Empire of Ancient Egypt (2009).pdf

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Karl Taube - Aztec and Maya Myths (1993).jpg

The myths of the Aztec and Maya derive from a shared Mesoamerican cultural tradition. This is very much a living tradition, and many of the motifs and gods mentioned in early sources are still evoked in the lore of contemporary Mexico and Guatemala. Professor Taube discusses the different sources for Aztec and Maya myths. The Aztec empire began less than 200 years before the Sp anish conquest, and our knowledge of their mythology derives primarily from native colonial documents and manuscripts commissioned by the Spa nish. The Maya mythology is far older, and our knowledge of it comes mainly from native manuscripts of the Classic period, over 600 years before the Sp anish conquest. Drawing on these sources as well as nineteenth- and twentieth-century excavations and research, including the interpretation of the codices and the decipherment of Maya hieroglyphic writing, the author discusses, among other things, the Popol Vuh myths of the Maya, the flood myth of Northern Yucatan, and the Aztec creation myths.

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Karl Taube - Aztec and Maya Myths (1993).pdf

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J. Christoph Amberger - The Secret History of the Sword, Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts (1999).jpg

This book is an entertaining read and is certainly well researched in parts. Amberger avoids some of the problem that Richard Cohen encountered in "By the sword" but by and large they both extend their considerable expertise just a bit too broadly to support their arguments. His personal experience in the German duelling halls are exciting to read. He wisely avoids much discussion concerning metalurgy and the actual production of blades and doesn't stray far from the European/American tradition which he knows well.

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J. Christoph Amberger - The Secret History of the Sword, Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts (1999).pdf

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Luke S. Roberts - Mercantilism in a Japanese Domai n, The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa (2002).jpg

Historia2 - Luke S. Roberts - Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain, T...gins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa 2002.jpg

This book explores the historical roots of economic nationalism within Japan. In a situation analogous to early modern Germany, Japan in the Edo period (1600-1867) was divided into over 230 realms, many of which developed into competitive states that struggled to reduce the dominance of the shogun's economy. This study of the merchants of one such domain, Tosa, reveals how they developed mercantilist strategies to protect and invigorate their domain's economy, and to support the public value of the merchant in a hostile Confucian world.

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Luke S. Roberts - Mercantilism in a Japanese Domai n, The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa (2002).djvu

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Richard F. Hamilton, Holger H. Herwig - The Origin s of World War I (2008).jpg

Why did World War I happen? Several of the oft-cited causes are reviewed and discussed in this analysis. The argument of the alliance systems is inadequate, lacking relevance or compelling force. The argument of an accident or "slide" is also inadequate, given the clear and unambiguous evidence of intentions. The arguments of mass demands focusing on nationalism, militarism, and social Darwinism are also arguably insufficient. They lack indications of frequency, intensity, and process or influence on the various decisions.

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Timothy Kirk - Nazism and the Working Class in Aus tria, Industrial Unrest and Political Dissent in t he 'National Community (1996).jpg

Historia2 - Timothy Kirk - Nazism and the Working Class in Austria... and Political Dissent in the National Community 1996.jpg

The image of Hitler as a demagogic "pied piper" leading astray the "little people" of Austria is as misleading as it is powerful. Nazism and the Working Class in Austria is a case study of the ambiguous relationship between state and society under the Nazis. Workers did not seriously attempt or even expect to overthrow the Nazi regime in the face of unprecedented surveillance and terror; but neither were they converted, and their oppositional strategies and disgruntled political opinions reveal a truculent workforce, rather than one that was contented and converted.

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