Trade and commerce are among the oldest, most pervasive, and most important of human activities, serving as engines for change in many other human endeavors. This far-reaching study examines the key theme of trading in world history, from the earliest signs of trade until the long-distance trade systems such as the famous Silk Road were firmly established. Beginning with a general background on the mechanism of trade, Richard L. Smith addresses such basic issues as how and why people trade, and what purpose trade serves. The book then traces the development of long-distance trade, from its beginnings in the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods through early river valley civilizations and the rise of great empires, to the evolution of vast trade systems that tied different zones together.

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Jacob M. Landau - Pan-Turkism, From Irredentism to Cooperation (1995).jpg

"Landau's book is important in several respects... it provides exhaustive information on almost every pan-Turk publication and all of its authors and publicists. Landau appears to have consulted every conceivable source, including archives and collections... In addition, the book is useful to students of pan-nationalism and nationalism, for Landau also expertly places all his information into a larger theoretical context. This contribution to the literature is invaluable." -- Journal of Developing Areas
"... a most worthwhile work,... It... deserves to be in all library collections on the Middle East." -- Perspectives on Political Science
"Landau has provided an up-to-date compendium of facts concerning the history of these nationalist ideas and movements. Students of nationalism in general and the politics of post-Soviet Central Asia and the Turkish Republic in particular will remain greatly indebted to [Landau] for some considerable time." -- American Political Science Review
An examination of relations between Turks in Turkey and their kin abroad -- in Cyprus, the Balkans, and especially in the six ex-Soviet Muslim republics in the Caucasus and Central Asia. This book delineates the special relationship between the new republics and Turkey, which has altered the essence of Pan-Turkism from militant irredentism to practical solidarity in matters political, economic, and cultural.

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Jacob M. Landau - Pan-Turkism, From Irredentism to Cooperation (1995).pdf

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Adam Fergusson - When money dies, The nightmare of the Weimar collapse (1975).jpg

When Money Dies is the classic history of what happens when a nation’s currency depreciates beyond recovery. In 1923, with its currency effectively worthless (the exchange rate in December of that year was one dollar to 4,200,000,000,000 marks), the German republic was all but reduced to a barter economy. Expensive cigars, artworks, and jewels were routinely exchanged for staples such as bread; a cinema ticket could be bought for a lump of coal; and a bottle of paraffin for a silk shirt. People watched helplessly as their life savings disappeared and their loved ones starved. Germany’s finances descended into chaos, with severe social unrest in its wake.
Money may no longer be physically printed and distributed in the voluminous quantities of 1923. However, “quantitative easing,” that modern euphemism for surreptitious deficit financing in an electronic era, can no less become an assault on monetary discipline. Whatever the reason for a country’s deficit—necessity or profligacy, unwillingness to tax or blindness to expenditure—it is beguiling to suppose that if the day of reckoning is postponed economic recovery will come in time to prevent higher unemployment or deeper recession. What if it does not? Germany in 1923 provides a vivid, compelling, sobering moral tale.

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Woodruff D. Smith - Politics and the Sciences of C ulture in Germany, 1840-1920 (1991).jpg

Examining the ways in which politics and ideology stimulate and shape changes in human science, this book focuses on the cultural sciences in nineteenth and early twentieth-century Germany. The book argues that many of the most important theoretical directions in German cultural science had their origins in a process by which a general pattern of social scientific thinking, one that was closely connected to political liberalism and dominant in Germany (and elsewhere) before the mid-nineteenth century, fragmented in the face of the political troubles of German liberalism after that time. Some liberal social scientists who wanted to repair both liberalism and the liberal theoretical pattern, and others who wanted to replace them with something more conservative, turned to the concept of culture as the focus of their intellectual endeavors. Later generations of intellectuals repeated the process, motivated in large part by the experiences of liberalism as a political movement in the German Empire. Within this framework, the book discusses the formation of diffusionism in German anthropology, Friedrich Ratzel's theory of Lebensraum, folk psychology, historical economics, and cultural history. It also relates these developments to German imperialism, the rise of radical nationalism, and the upheaval in German social science at the turn of the century.

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21,8 MB
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Woodruff D. Smith - Politics and the Sciences of C ulture in Germany, 1840-1920 (1991).pdf

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Osprey - Essential Histories special 04 - Gregory Fremont-Barnes, Todd Fisher - The Napoleonic Wars, The Rise and Fall of an Empire (2004).jpg

Historia21 - Osprey - Essential Histories special 04 - Gregory Frem... Napoleonic Wars, The Rise and Fall of an Empire 2004.jpg

The Napoleonic Wars saw fighting on an unprecedented scale in Europe and the Americas. It took the wealth of the British Empire, combined with the might of the continental armies, almost two decades to bring down one of the world’s greatest military leaders and the empire that he had created. Napoleon's ultimate defeat was to determine the history of Europe for almost 100 years. From the frozen wastelands of Russia, through the brutal fighting in the Peninsula to the blood-soaked battlefield of Waterloo, this book tells the story of the dramatic rise and fall of the Napoleonic Empire. This book contains material previously published as Essential Histories volumes 3, 9, 17 and 39.

Contents
The rise of the Emperor 1805-1807 · The empires fight back 1808-1812 · The Peninsular War 1807-1814 · The fall of the French empire 1813-1815

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Brian Lavery - The Arming and Fitting of English S hips of War 1600-1815 (1988).jpg

This is a vast collection of information, fully illustrated with photos of models and contemporary engravings, outlining developments as they were made in the English man-of-war. Lifestyles, customs, and fighting tactics, and their relationship to changes in architecture and fittings, are also covered.

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191,9 MB
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Brian Lavery - The Arming and Fitting of English S hips of War 1600-1815 (1988).pdf

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Robert Mallett - Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933 - 1940 (2003).jpg

This new study re-examines the controversial debate on Fascist Italy's road to international conflict that has raged for six decades. The author's privileged access to until now unseen archival materials allows him to assess the ideological, geopolitical, domestic and strategic considerations that shaped Mussolini's alliance with Hitler, and his subsequent decision to wage war against Great Britain and France in June 1940.

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0,9 MB
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Robert Mallett - Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933 - 1940 (2003).pdf

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Carroll Quigley - Tragedy And Hope, A History of t he World in Our Time (1975).jpg

The late Dr. Carroll Quigley, professor was a professor of history at the Foreign Service School of Georgetown University. He was, as his book reflects, brilliant, egotistical and opinionated. He also was a confirmed socialist who believed the world could be a better place if the educated elite ruled.

Former President Clinton said in 1992: "...As a student at Georgetown, I heard that call clarified by a professor named Carroll Quigley, who said to us that America was the greatest country in the history of the world because our people have always believed in two things: that tomorrow can be better than today and that every one of us has a personal, moral responsibility to make it so."

Unfortunately, Dr. Quigley revealed the game plan of the elite when the elite (a shy group by nature and not at all given to republican government) didn't want it publicized. Far from wanting to hide this "network" (as he called it), Quigley was proud of it.

"I know of the operations of this network because I have studied it for twenty years and was permitted for two years, in the early 1960's, to examine its papers and secret records. I have no aversion to it or to most of its aims and have, for much of my life, been close to it and to many of its instruments. I have objected, both in the past and recently, to a few of its policies...but in general my chief difference of opinion is that it wishes to remain unknown, and I believe its role in history is significant enough to be known."

Thus, unfortunately, Tragedy and Hope was pulled from bookshelves nationwide and recalled faster than an exploding Easter Bunny, never to be published again, except for a highly abbreviated edition. But if you can pick up a copy of this book, you'll find how things often worked behind the scenes of government and the worldwide ambitions of "the network."

If you simply want to know about the network and how it operated up until this book was published, I recommend Dr. W. Cleon Skousen's "Naked Capitalist," which I believe is still in print.

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Carroll Quigley - Tragedy And Hope, A History of t he World in Our Time (1975).pdf

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Dietrich Bronder - Before Hitler Came, A Historica l Study (1975).jpg

This is Dietrich Bronder's monumental book Before Hitler Came - A Historical Study (1975) which exposes the occult roots and shadowy organizations behind the rise of Adolf Hitler. From philosophers that helped to shape the political doctrine of national socialism to secret societies (such as Thule) that later implemented it as the 3rd Reich slowly gained its final form as envisioned by the secret founders. But all this was not the real reason why the book was (and still is) banned from print. It is truly an irony that Bronder, a Jewish professor of history, would discover the forbidden history of dominant Jewish involvement in building the 3rd Reich. He shows in incredible detail which Jews financed Adolf Hitler and thus helped him to power. As it later turned out many high-level Nazi dignitaries had Jewish ancestry and were actively working to terrorize the European Jews to get them into Palestine. Later the Zionists have done everything in their power to suppress information of their co-operation with the Nazis in the years before the Second World War. It turned out that it was the Jewish masonic lodge B'nai B'rith, in co-operation with the Zionist organization, LICA (Ligue International contre l'Antisemitisme) in Paris that was behind the so called Kristallnacht on 9 November 1938. The aim of the LICA provocation was to encourage the emigration of German Jews to Palestine. B'nai B'rith had previously infiltrated the Nazi movement's vital parts: the SS, the SA and the party. The Nazi leadership took no legal action against B'nai B'rith, which was allowed to continue its subversive activities. It had 12 000 members in 80 lodges in Germany, three of them in Berlin. B'nai B'rith was the only Jewish organization allowed by Hitler to remain active and open during the Nazi regime after 1933. The Zionist collaboration with Hitler went so far that some of them were declared Aryans, among them the banker Oppenheimer and the aircraft manufacturer Ernst Heinrich Heinckel. This explains why a large number of Jews were given Aryan documents. Thus the Nazi leadership also included Jews with "the right documents", among them the head of the SS Heinrich Himmler, Wilhelm Canaris, Alfred Rosenberg and Joseph Goebbels. The deputy Chancellor of the Reich, Rudolf Hess, was born in Egypt by a Jewish mother. Thousands of men of Jewish descent, and hundreds of those designated as Jews by the Nazis, served in the military with Hitler's knowledge. In some twenty cases, soldiers of Jewish descent were decorated with the Ritterkreuz, one of the highest awards of merit in the German army. But it seems the "other" side was also full of them as 430 000 Soviet Jews fought German Jews in the Second World War.

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Dietrich Bronder - Before Hitler Came, A Historica l Study (1975).pdf

The Red Army high command also included many Jews, among them the generals Solomon Raikin, Isaak Revzis, Simon Reizin, Josef Rubin, Mikhail Belkin, Zelik Yoffe, and Grigori Preizman. Fully documented, Before Hitler came lays bare the biggest secret behind antisemitic movements, namely that it was started by Jews themselves. As Austrian writer Rudolf Kommoss warned the world: "Should there arise a party led by anti-Semite Jews or half-Jews, we will have to watch out!" 450 pages. A must read for everyone. Note: The translation from german to english was done with a computer translation software so it is by no means perfect.

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De Lacy O'Leary - Arabic Thought and Its Place in History (2003).jpg

Well-documented study of the mutual influence of Arabic and Western worlds during the Middle Ages traces the transmission of Greek philosophy and science to the Islamic cultures. A fascinating portrait of medieval Muslim thought, it illustrates commonalities with Judaic and Christian teachings as well as points of divergence.

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Michael Rowe - From Reich to State, The Rhineland in the Revolutionary Age, 1780-1830 (2003).jpg

Napoleon's contribution to Germany's development was immense and nowhere was the transformation more profound than in the Rhineland. Based upon an extensive range of German and French archival sources, this study analyzes the Napoleonic influence in this region within a broader chronological framework encompassing the Old Regime and Restoration. It analyzes not only politics, but also culture, identity, religion, society, institutions and economics in its examination of Napoleon's impact on Germany.

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Roger Price - People and Politics in France, 1848- 1870 (2004).jpg

Why do people take an interest in politics? What do they hope to gain from voting? Why support one political "party" rather than another? To what extent is political behavior rooted in "class" or community? Although these are all questions which might be asked of emerging Third World countries, the focus in this study is on nineteenth-century Europe and, in particular, the aftermath of the 1848 Revolution in France. It covers responses to the counter-revolutionary policies of the imperial regime of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte following his coup d'Ã©tat and the subsequent emergence of democracy in that country.

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Roger Price - People and Politics in France, 1848- 1870 (2004).pdf

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Peter Jones - Liberty and Locality in Revolutionar y France, Six Villages Compared, 1760-1820 (2003).jpg

This "comparative micro-historical" study for the transitional period between the old and the new France, (1760-1820) analyzes six small localities. It explains how country dwellers disengaged themselves from the congeries of local societies that made up the ancien régime, and attached themselves to the wider polity of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic state. The result is a strikingly new perspective on the rural history of France during an epoch of momentous change.

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M. C. Mirow - Latin American Law, A History of Pri vate Law and Institutions in Spanish America (2004 ).jpg

Private law touches every aspect of people's daily lives - landholding, inheritance, private property, marriage and family relations, contracts, employment, and business dealings - and the court records and legal documents produced under private law are a rich source of information for anyone researching social, political, economic, or environmental history. But to utilize these records fully, researchers need a fundamental understanding of how private law and legal institutions functioned in the place and time period under study. This book offers the first comprehensive introduction in either English or Spanish to private law in Spanish Latin America from the colonial period to the present. M. C. Mirow organizes the book into three substantial sections that describe private law and legal institutions in the colonial period, the independence era and nineteenth century, and the twentieth century. Each section begins with an introduction to the nature and function of private law during the period and discusses such topics as legal education and lawyers, legal sources, courts, land, inheritance, commercial law, family law, and personal status. Each section also presents themes of special interest during its respective time period, including slavery, Indian status, codification, land reform, and development and globalisation.

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M. C. Mirow - Latin American Law, A History of Pri vate Law and Institutions in Spanish America (2004 ).pdf

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Bob Harris - The Scottish People and the French Re voloution (2004).jpg

This is the first modern scholarly study of the political culture of Scotland during the 1790s. Harris compares the emergence of 'the people' as a political force in Scotland with popular political movements in England and Ireland. He is the first to analyse Scottish responses to the French Revolution across the political spectrum; explaining Loyalist as well as Radical opinions and organisations. He also takes regional difference into account, moving scholarly attention beyond Edinburgh and Glasgow. This book adds significantly to the growing wealth of studies into the popular politics of the 1790s. It also sets the context for current scholarly debates about Robert Burns' engagement with the French Revolution.

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Bob Harris - The Scottish People and the French Re voloution (2004).pdf

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Ian Green - Humanism and Protestantism in Early Mo dern English Education (2009).jpg

This volume is the first attempt to assess the impact of both humanism and Protestantism on the education offered to a wide range of adolescents in the hundreds of grammar schools operating in England between the Reformation and the Enlightenment. By placing that education in the context of Lutheran, Calvinist and Jesuit education abroad, it offers an overview of the uses to which Latin and Greek were put in English schools, and identifies the strategies devised by clergy and laity in England for coping with the tensions between classical studies and Protestant doctrine. It also offers a reassessment of the role of the 'godly' in English education, and demonstrates the many ways in which a classical education came to be combined with close support for the English Crown and established church. One of the major sources used is the school textbooks which were incorporated into the 'English Stock' set up by leading members of the Stationers' Company of London and reproduced in hundreds of thousands of copies during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although the core of classical education remained essentially the same for two centuries, there was a growing gulf between the methods by which classics were taught in elite institutions such as Winchester and Westminster and in the many town and country grammar schools in which translations or bilingual versions of many classical texts were given to weaker students. The success of these new translations probably encouraged editors and publishers to offer those adults who had received little or no classical education new versions of works by Aesop, Cicero, Ovid, Virgil, Seneca and Caesar. This fascination with ancient Greece and Rome left its mark not only on the lifestyle and literary tastes of the educated elite, but also reinforced the strongly moralistic outlook of many of the English laity who equated virtue and good works with pleasing God and meriting salvation.

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Norio Tamaki - Japanese Banking, A History, 1859-1 959 (1995).jpg

In Japan, as in other parts of the world, banking plays an essential role in economic development. Studying key industries such as banking provides an important tool for genuinely understanding a country. This book gives that understanding of Japan for the first time in English. It thoroughly documents Japanese banking during a crucial one-hundred years--from the ope ning of her borders to the world in 1859 through two world wars--from which the Japanese economy finally emerged as one of the most powerful global forces.

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Norio Tamaki - Japanese Banking, A History, 1859-1 959 (1995).pdf

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Arthur Banks - A Military Atlas of the First World War (2001).jpg

Arthur Banks' classic map study of World War I has been out of print for some years, at a time when interest in the Great War is very much on the increase. Banks' 250 maps present both broad general surveys of political and military strategy and closely detailed treatments of individual campaigns and engagements. Introductions to each major stage and aspect of the war have been written by the distinguished military historian Alan Palmer.

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David F. Crew - Hitler and the Nazis, A History in Documents (2005).jpg

Grade 8 Up–Crew has compiled a broad assortment of primary sources to give readers a glimpse into Germany under Hitler. He opens with a well-reasoned introduction that explains why it is still important for students to learn about the Nazi era. The remaining seven chapters cover the post-World War I breakdown of the German economy and culture, the rise of Hitler, Nazi propaganda, the development of the racist state, Hitler's war machine, and the Holocaust and its aftermath. Each chapter has a general introduction as well as commentary about the individual documents. The excerpts are drawn from government papers, Nazi propaganda, letters, diaries, articles, reminiscences, and trial and hearings testimony. The text is supplemented with black-and-white period photos, art, and documents, including reproductions that show how the Nazis used propaganda to create a mythical Hitler who became the all-powerful embodiment of the German nation. An extensive bibliography, divided by topic, and a list of Web sites offer many good choices for further information. This volume complements other primary-source-based titles such as Dorothy and Carl J. Schneider's World War II (Facts On File, 2003), which examines the war from the American perspective.

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