Hunger is as old as history itself. Indeed, it appears to be a timeless and inescapable biological condition. And yet perceptions of hunger and of the hungry have changed over time and differed from place to place. Hunger has a history, which can now be told.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, hunger was viewed as an unavoidable natural phenomenon or as the fault of its lazy and morally flawed victims. By the middle of the twentieth century, a new understanding of hunger had taken root. Across the British Empire and beyond, humanitarian groups, political activists, social reformers, and nutritional scientists established that the hungry were innocent victims of political and economic forces outside their control. Hunger was now seen as a global social problem requiring government intervention in the form of welfare to aid the hungry at home and abroad. James Vernon captures this momentous shift as it occurred in imperial Britain over the past two centuries.

Rigorously researched, Hunger: A Modern History draws together social, cultural, and political history in a novel way, to show us how we came to have a moral, political, and social responsibility toward the hungry. Vernon forcefully reminds us how many perished from hunger in the empire and reveals how their history was intricately connected with the precarious achievements of the welfare state in Britain, as well as with the development of international institutions, such as the United Nations, committed to the conquest of world hunger. All those moved by the plight of the hungry will want to read this compelling book.

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James Vernon - Hunger, A Modern History (2007).pdf

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Peggy Saari, Aaron Saari - Renaissance and Reforma tion (6 Volume Set) (2002).jpg

The editors of Renaissance and Reformation have strived toward and succeeded in making a time of long ago more accessible to today's middle- and junior-high-school students. Coverage focuses on major events and individuals of European history between the mid-1300s and the early 1600s.
Vol.1-2 Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac provides a wide range of historical information on the period in European history between the mid-1300s and the early 1600s. The two-volume set explores both the Italian and Northern Renaissance as well as the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. Arranged in fourteen subject chapters, Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac includes topics such as the rise of European monarchies, Martin Luther and his role in the Protestant Reformation, Italian and Northern Renaissance culture, science during the Renaissance, education and training, women in Renaissance society, and daily life.
Vol.3-4 Renaissance and Reformation: Biographies presents the biographies of women and men relevant to the Renaissance and Reformation period in Europe. Among the fifty people profiled in each of the two volumes are artists, authors, religious leaders, musicians, scientists, and kings and queens who helped to define this ever-changing period in European history. Renaissance and Reformation: Biographies does not include only biographies of readily recognizable figures of the era, such as German religious leader and reformer Martin Luther, Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, and English playwright William Shakespeare, but it also includes profiles of lesserknown people, such as Italian scholar Isotta Nogarla, the author of the first piece of feminist writing, and Jewish court official Isaac Abrabanel, who protested the persecution of Spanish Jews.
Vol. 5 Renaissance and Reformation: Primary Sources presents eighteen full or excerpted documents written by people who lived during the Renaissance and Reformation period. The autobiographical essays, diary entries, poems, trial testimonies, and letters in this volume reflect the experiences of religious reformers, world leaders, early scientists, authors, and artists. Some entries such as William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice and Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote display just some of the extensive literature and drama that was being written during the Renaissance period. Other excerpts, including Martin Luther’s “The Ninety-Five Theses” and Teresa de Ávila’s The Life of Teresa of Jesus, are meant to detail the causes of the Protestant Reformation and the experiences of people living through the Catholic Reformation.
Vol. 6 Cumulates Indexes

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Peggy Saari, Aaron Saari - Renaissance and Reforma tion (6 Volume Set) (2002) [PDF x 6].rar

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Barbara Sato, Rey Chow, Harry Harootunian, Masao M iyoshi - The New Japanese Woman, Modernity, Media , and Women in Interwar Japan (2003).jpg

Historia21 - Barbara Sato, Rey Chow, Harry Harootunian, Masao Miyos...n, Modernity, Media, and Women in Interwar Japan 2003.jpg

Presenting a vivid social history of “the new woman” who emerged in Japanese culture between the world wars, The New Japanese Woman shows how images of modern women burst into Japanese life in the midst of the urbanization, growth of the middle class, and explosion of consumerism resulting from the postwar economic boom, particularly in the 1920s. Barbara Sato analyzes the icons that came to represent the new urban femininity—the “modern girl,” the housewife, and the professional working woman. She describes how these images portrayed in the media shaped and were shaped by women’s desires. Although the figures of the modern woman by no means represented all Japanese women, they did challenge the myth of a fixed definition of femininity—particularly the stereotype emphasizing gentleness and meekness—and generate a new set of possibilities for middle-class women within the context of consumer culture.

The New Japanese Woman is rich in descriptive detail and full of fascinating vignettes from Japan’s interwar media and consumer industries—department stores, film, radio, popular music and the publishing industry. Sato pays particular attention to the enormously influential role of the women’s magazines, which proliferated during this period. She describes the different kinds of magazines, their stories and readerships, and the new genres the emerged at the time, including confessional pieces, articles about family and popular trends, and advice columns. Examining reactions to the images of the modern girl, the housewife, and the professional woman, Sato shows that while these were not revolutionary figures, they caused anxiety among male intellectuals, government officials, and much of the public at large, and they contributed to the significant changes in gender relations in Japan following the Second World War.

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Barbara Sato, Rey Chow, Harry Harootunian, Masao M iyoshi - The New Japanese Woman, Modernity, Media , and Women in Interwar Japan (2003).pdf

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C. Peter (ed.) Ripley, Debra Susie - The Black Abo litionist Papers, Vol. I, The British Isles, 1830- 1865 (1985).jpg

Historia21 - C. Peter ed. Ripley, Debra Susie - The Black Abolitio...ist Papers, Vol. I, The British Isles, 1830-1865 1985.jpg

This five-volume documentary collection—culled from an international archival search that turned up over 14,000 letters, speeches, pamphlets, essays, and newspaper editorials—reveals how black abolitionists represented the core of the antislavery movement. While the first two volumes consider black abolitionists in the British Isles and Canada (the home of some 60,000 black Americans on the eve of the Civil War), the remaining volumes examine the activities and opinions of black abolitionists in the United States from 1830 until the end of the Civil War. In particular, these volumes focus on their reactions to African colonization and the idea of gradual emancipation, the Fugitive Slave Law, and the promise brought by emancipation during the war.

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C. Peter (ed.) Ripley, Debra Susie - The Black Abo litionist Papers, Vol. I, The British Isles, 1830- 1865 (1985).pdf

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John W. Dardess - Governing China, 150-1850 (2010).jpg

This compact narrative history of government
institutions and their dialectical relation to society makes a perfect introduction to traditional China for political science, modern history, and comparative politics classes. The thesis, upheld by both specifics in lively prose and thought-provoking cross-period comparisons, is that unity, however valorized, always required hard work: military, political, and cultural creativity amidst ever-changing ethnic, class, and religious formations. Dardess also washes out old libels on non-Han, female, and eunuch power holders simply by recounting the facts. --S. Schneewind, University of California, San Diego
John Dardess has pred a concise yet rich description of the evolution of the governing institutions of imperial China through periods of unity and disunity from the late Han (150 CE) to the late Qing (1850) dynasties. His account of change and continuity in governance over a two-thousand-year span of China s history is an excellent and accessible introduction to a remarkably durable political tradition that resonates even today in the workings of the modern Chinese state and contemporary state-society relations. --William Joseph, Wellesley College

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John W. Dardess - Governing China, 150-1850 (2010).pdf

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Robert Miles - Romantic Misfits (2008).jpg

Romantic Misfits is an acute and searching account of a linked sequence of authors and literary episodes that centrally challenges and troubles much that is familiar about the history of Romantic writing in Britain. Its originality lies in the way it conceives these false starts and disturbances - 'misfits' and misfittings - as both a constitutive challenge to canonical romanticism and a distinctive literary field worth examining on its own account. Its misfits include the Shakespeare forger W.H. Ireland, Wordsworth's early gothic, Coleridge's material imagination, the novel itself, and the culture of Dissent.

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Robert Miles - Romantic Misfits (2008).pdf

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Zdenek Petran - Ilustrovaná encyklopedie české, mo ravské a slezské numismatiky (2006).jpg

Historia21 - Zdenek Petran - Ilustrovan encyklopedie esk, moravsk a slezsk numismatiky 2006.jpg

The second issue of major work, which deals with passwords arranged encyclopedia of all known as the excavations, including foreign ones, which circulate in our country, and explains the entire numismatic terminology, describes the various mints in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia (with an overview of the excavation) and brings basic biographical information about the master of the mint, as well as numismatics and medal. All text is lavishly illustrated and fifty page appendix includes tables with visual basic types of Czech and Moravian medieval coins (denarii, and Gros brakteáty under Cacho typology and Smolders).

Druhé vydání zásadního díla, které v přehledných encyklopedických heslech pojednává jak o všech známých ražbách, včetně zahraničních, které u nás obíhaly, tak vysvětluje celou numismatickou terminologii, popisuje jednotlivé mincovny v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku (s přehledem jejich ražeb) a přináší základní biografické údaje o mincmistrech, ale i numismaticích a medailérech. Celý text je bohatě ilustrován a padesátistránkou přílohu tvoří obrazové tabule se základními typy českých a moravských středověkých mincí (denáry, brakteáty a groše podle Cachovy a Smolíkovy typologie).

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Zdenek Petran - Ilustrovaná encyklopedie české, mo ravské a slezské numismatiky (2006).pdf

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Peter Coss - The Foundations of Gentry Life, The M ultons of Frampton and their World 1270-1370 (2010 ).jpg

In The Foundations of Gentry Life, Peter Coss examines the formative years of the English gentry. In doing so, he explains their lasting characteristics during a long history as a social elite, including adaptability to change and openness to upward mobility from below, chiefly from the professions.

Revolving around the rich archive left by the Multons of Frampton in South Lincolnshire, the book explores the material culture of the gentry, their concern with fashion and their obsession with display. It pays close attention to the visitors to their homes, and to the social relationships between men and women. Coss shows that the gentry household was a literate community, within a literate local world, and he studies closely the consumption of literature, paying particular attention to household entertainment.

Beyond their households, then gentry could assert their pre-eminence in the local community through involvement with the Church and the management of their estates. Treating the relationship between gentry and Church in both devotional and institutional terms, Coss shows how religious practice was a means for the gentry to assert social dominance, and they increasingly treated the Church as a career path for their kin. Protecting their estates was of similar importance, and legal expertise was highly prized-it consequently provided a major means of entry into the gentry, as well as offering further opportunities for younger sons.

Overall, Coss reveals that the cultural horizons of the gentry were essentially local. Nevertheless there were wider dimensions, and the book concludes with observations on how national and chivalric concerns interacted with the rhythms of regional life.

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Sarah Maza - The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie, A n Essay on the Social Imaginary, 1750-1850 (2005).jpg

Who, exactly, were the French bourgeoisie? Unlike the Anglo-Americans, who widely embraced middle-class ideals and values, the French--even the most affluent and conservative--have always rejected and maligned bourgeois values and identity.
In this new approach to the old question of the bourgeoisie, Sarah Maza focuses on the crucial period before, during, and after the French Revolution, and offers a provocative answer: the French bourgeoisie has never existed. Despite the large numbers of respectable middling town-dwellers, no group identified themselves as bourgeois. Drawing on political and economic theory and history, personal and polemical writings, and works of fiction, Maza argues that the bourgeoisie was never the social norm. In fact, it functioned as a critical counter-norm, an imagined and threatening embodiment of materialism, self-interest, commercialism, and mass culture, which defined all that the French rejected.
A challenge to conventional wisdom about modern French history, this book poses broader questions about the role of anti-bourgeois sentiment in French culture, by suggesting parallels between the figures of the bourgeois, the Jew, and the American in the French social imaginary. It is a brilliant and timely foray into our beliefs and fantasies about the social world and our definition of a social class.

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Sarah Maza - The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie, A n Essay on the Social Imaginary, 1750-1850 (2005).pdf

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Ursula Klein, E. C. Spary - Materials and Expertis e in Early Modern Europe, Between Market and Labor atory (2010).jpg

Historia21 - Ursula Klein, E. C. Spary - Materials and Expertise in...rly Modern Europe, Between Market and Laboratory 2010.jpg

It is often assumed that natural philosophy was the forerunner of early modern natural sciences. But where did these sciences’ systematic observation and experimentation get their starts? In Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe, the laboratories, workshops, and marketplaces emerge as arenas where hands-on experience united with higher learning. In an age when chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and botany intersected with mining, metallurgy, pharmacy, and gardening, materials were objects that crossed disciplines.
Here, the contributors tell the stories of metals, clay, gunpowder, pigments, and foods, and thereby demonstrate the innovative practices of technical experts, the development of the consumer market, and the formation of the observational and experimental sciences in the early modern period. Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe showcases a broad variety of forms of knowledge, from ineffable bodily skills and technical competence to articulated know-how and connoisseurship, from methods of measuring, data gathering, and classification to analytical and theoretical knowledge. By exploring the hybrid expertise involved in the making, consumption, and promotion of various materials, and the fluid boundaries they traversed, the book offers an original perspective on important issues in the history of science, medicine, and technology.

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Philippe Foret - Mapping Chengde, The Qing Landsca pe Enterprise (2000).jpg

The imperial residence of Chengde was built by two Manchu emperors between 1703 and 1780. Using both visual and textual materials, this volume explores the hidden dimensions of landscape, showing how geographical imagination shaped the aesthetics of Qing court culture.

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Philippe Foret - Mapping Chengde, The Qing Landsca pe Enterprise (2000).pdf

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E.A. Wallis Budge - Papyrus of Ani, The Egyptian B ook of the Dead (2009).jpg

This is an English translation of the Papyrus of Ani, more commonly know as the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Complete with the hymns, prayers, and spells, this is a must have the lovers of Egyptian myth and culture.

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Brett Bowden - The Empire of Civilization, The Evo lution of an Imperial Idea (2009).jpg

The term “civilization” comes with considerable baggage, dichotomizing people, cultures, and histories as “civilized”—or not. While the idea of civilization has been deployed throughout history to justify all manner of interventions and sociopolitical engineering, few scholars have stopped to consider what the concept actually means. Here, Brett Bowden examines how the idea of civilization has informed our thinking about international relations over the course of ten centuries.
From the Crusades to the colonial era to the global war on terror, this sweeping volume exposes “civilization” as a stage-managed account of history that legitimizes imperialism, uniformity, and conformity to Western standards, culminating in a liberal-democratic global order. Along the way, Bowden explores the variety of confrontations and conquests—as well as those peoples and places excluded or swept aside—undertaken in the name of civilization. Concluding that the “West and the rest” have more commonalities than differences, this provocative and engaging book ultimately points the way toward an authentic intercivilizational dialogue that emphasizes cooperation over clashes.

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Meredith Anne Skura - Tudor Autobiography, Listeni ng for Inwardness (3008).jpg

Histories of autobiography in England often assume the genre hardly existed before 1600. But Tudor Autobiography investigates eleven sixteenth-century English writers who used sermons, a saint’s biography, courtly and popular verse, a traveler’s report, a history book, a husbandry book, and a supposedly fictional adventure novel to share the secrets of the heart and tell their life stories.

In the past such texts have not been called autobiographies because they do not reveal much of the inwardness of their subject, a requisite of most modern autobiographies. But, according to Meredith Anne Skura, writers reveal themselves not only by what they say but by how they say it. Borrowing methods from affective linguistics, narratology, and psychoanalysis, Skura shows that a writer’s thoughts and feelings can be traced in his or her language. Rejecting the search for “the early modern self” in life writing, Tudor Autobiography instead asks what authors said about themselves, who wrote about themselves, how, and why. The result is a fascinating glimpse into a range of lived and imagined experience that challenges assumptions about life and autobiography in the early modern period.

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John H. Arnold - History, A Very Short Intoduction (2000).jpg

Oxford's celebrated Very Short Introductions series offers concise and original introductions to a wide range of subjects--from Islam to Sociology, Politics to Classics, Literary Theory to History, and Archaeology to the Bible. Each volume provides trenchant and provocative--yet always balanced and complete--discussions of the central issues in a given discipline or field. Every Very Short Introduction gives a readable evolution of the subject in question, demonstrating how the subject developed in its own right and how it influenced society. Whatever the area of study one deems important or appealing, whatever topic fascinates the general reader, the Very Short Introduction series has a handy and affordable guide that will likely prove indispensable.

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John H. Arnold - History, A Very Short Intoduction (2009).jpg

There are many stories we can tell about the past, and we are not, perhaps, as free as we might imagine in our choice of which stories to tell, or where those stories end. John Arnold's addition to Oxford's popular Very Short Introductions series is a stimulating essay about how people study and understand history. The book begins by inviting us to think about various questions provoked by our investigation of history, and then explores the ways in which these questions have been answered in the past. Such key concepts as causation, interpretation, and periodization are introduced by way of concrete examples of how historians work, thus giving the reader a sense of the excitement implicit in discovering the past - and ourselves.The aim throughout History: A Very Short Introduction is to discuss theories of history in a general, pithy, and accessible manner, rather than delve into specific periods. This is a book that will appeal to all students and general readers with an interest in history or historiography.

Table of Contents
1. Questions about murder and history; 2. The history of history; 3. What really happened: truth, archives, and the love of old things; 4. Escapes from the tower; 5. Causation and interpretations; 6. Telling stories, telling tales; 7. Periodization and time; 8. Objectivity, truth, and judgement; 9. The role of the past in the present; Further reading; Index

About the Author
John Arnold is a professor of Medieval history in England and has written an excellent 123 page introduction to the field of history. He illustrates his narrative with obscure but interesting examples from Medieval and early Modern to show how historians approach their craft, the kinds of questions they ask, how primary sources are used, and issues such as periodization. He also has an excellent but brief "history of history" from the Greeks to the modern era touching on some of the most important authors and books (for a more in-depth look, see Burrow's excellent A History of Histories (2008)).

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Audiobook - John H. Arnold - History, A Very Short Intoduction (2009) Read by Richard Davidson (283m 7s).mp3

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Etienne Gilson - The Spirit of Mediaeval Philosoph y (1940).jpg

In this translation of Etienne Gilson's well known work L'esprit de la philosophie medievale, he undertakes the task of defining the spirit of mediaeval philosophy. Gilson asks whether we can form the concept of a Christian philosophy and, second, whether mediaeval philosophy is not precisely its most adequate historical expression. He maintains that the spirit of mediaeval philosophy is the spirit of Christianity penetrating the Greek tradition, working within it, and drawing out of it a certain view of the world that is specifically Christian. To support his hypothesis, Gilson examines mediaeval thought in its nascent state, at that precise point where the Judeo-Christian graft was inserted into the Hellenic tradition. Gilson's demonstration is purely historical and occasionally theoretical in suggesting how doctrines that satisfied our predecessors for so many centuries may still be found conceivable today.

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Joao Capistrano de Abreu - Chapters of Brazil's Co lonial History 1500-1800 (1998).jpg

In Chapters in Brazil's Colonial History, Capistrano de Abreu created an integrated history of Brazil in a landmark work of scholarship that is also a literary masterpiece. Abreu offers a startlingly modern analysis of the past, based on the role of the economy, settlement, and the occupation of the interior. In these pages, he combines sharp portraits of dramatic events--close fought battles against Dutch occupation in the 1650s, Indian resistance to often brutal internal expansion--with insightful social history. A master of Brazil's ethnographic landscape, he provides detailed sketches of daily life for Brazilians of all stripes.
Superbly translated by Arthur A. Brakel and edited by Stuart Schwartz and Fernando Novais, this Brazilian classic has never before available in English. Chapters in Brazil's Colonial History opens Brazil's rich, fascinating past to the general reader, and offers scholars access to a great turning point in historical scholarship.

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Joao Capistrano de Abreu - Chapters of Brazil's Co lonial History 1500-1800 (1998).pdf

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