There are no recipes for what the Indians ate in Colonial times, but this cookbook uses period quotations to detail what and how the foodstuffs were prepared. The bulk of the cookbook is devoted to what the European immigrants cooked and what evolved into American cooking. The first colonists from England brought their foodways to America. The basic foods that Americans of European descent ate changed very little from 1600 to 1840. While the major basic foods remained the same, their part in the total diet changed. Americans at the end of the period ate far more beef and chicken than did the first colonists. They used more milk, butter and cream. They also ate more wheat in the form of breads, cakes, cookies, crackers and cereals. The same was true with fruits. Over time the more exotic vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, artichokes, and numerous root vegetables including both sweet and white potatoes became common vegetables. By the end of this period, many Americans were even eating foods like tomatoes, okra, and sesame, which were unknown to their ancestors. In addition, Americans, like their relatives in Europe, incorporated coffee, tea, and chocolate into their diets as well as more sugar. Along with them came new customs, such as tea time, and, for men, socializing at coffeehouses. Also, distilled beverages, particularly rum, which was often made into a punch with citrus juices, were increasingly used. Basic cooking technology also remained the same throughout the period, and the cookbook gives a sense of how meals were prepared. The open hearth provided the major heat source. As time passed, though, more and more people could afford to have wood-fired brick ovens in their homes. Although the recipes presented here from the first century of colonization come from cookbooks written for people of upper status, by the end of the time period, literacy rates were much higher among men and women. European and American authors published numerous cookbooks that were relatively inexpensive and available, so it is reasonable to assume that those recipes were representative of actual American cookery practices. Many changes occurred to cookbooks and recipes during this period. The recipes became more detailed and more reliant on standard measures, and the recipes were for foods that are less complicated and expensive to prepare.

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Trudy Eden - Cooking in America, 1590-1840 (2006).pdf

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Andrew J. Rotter - Hiroshima, The World's Bomb (20 08).jpg

The US decision to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima remains one of the most controversial events of the twentieth century. But as this fascinating new history shows, the bomb dropped by an American pilot that hot August morning was in many ways the world's bomb, in both a technological and a moral sense. And it was the world that would have to face its consequences, strategically, diplomatically, and culturally, in the years ahead. In this fast-paced and insightful narrative, Andrew J. Rotter tells the international story behind the development of the atom bomb, ranging from the global crises that led to the Second World War to the largely unavailing attempts to control the spread of nuclear weapons and the evolution of the nuclear arms race after the war had ended. He details the growth in the 1930s and '40s of a world-wide community of scientists dedicated to developing a weapon that could undo the evil in Nazi Germany, and he describes the harnessing of their efforts by the US wartime government. Rotter also sheds light on the political and strategic decisions that led to the bombing itself, the impact of the bomb on Hiroshima and the endgame of the Pacific War, the effects of the bombing and the bomb on society and culture, and the state of all things nuclear in the early 21st century world. Hiroshima: The World's Bomb illuminates a pivotal moment in the development of the modern age. In an era of stateless terrorism, where there are as many as ten nuclear powers, it is a story that remains central to our understanding of the world.

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Leonardo Maugeri - The Age of Oil, The Mythology, History, and Future of the World's Most Controvers ial Resource (2006).jpg

USA Books1 - Leonardo Maugeri - The Age of Oil, The Mythology, Hist...Future of the Worlds Most Controversial Resource 2006.jpg

Oil is the most vital resource of our time. Because it is so important, misperceptions about the black gold abound. Leonardo Maugeri clears the cobwebs by describing the colorful history of oil, and explaining the fundamentals of oil production. He delivers a unique, fascinating, and controversial perspective on the industry-as only an insider could. The history of the oil market has been marked, since its inception, by a succession of booms and busts, each one leading to a similar psychological climax and flawed political decisions. In a single generation, we've experienced the energy crisis of 1973; the dramatic oil countershock of 1986; the oil collapse of 1998-99 that gave rise to the idea of oil as "just another commodity;" and the sharp price increases following hurricane Katrina's devastation in the Gulf of Mexico. Today, we are experiencing a global oil boom that, paradoxically, seems to herald a gloomy era of scarcity exacerbated by growing consumption and the threat from Islamic terrorism in the oil-rich Middle East. Maugeri argues that the pessimists are wrong. In the second part of his book, he debunks the main myths surrounding oil in our times, addressing whether we are indeed running out of oil, and the real impact of Islamic radicalism on oil-rich regions. By translating many of the technical concepts of oil productions into terms the average reader can easily grasp, Maugeri answers our questions. Ultimately, he concludes that the wolf is not at the door. We are facing neither a problem of oil scarcity, nor an upcoming oil blackmail by forces hostile to the West. Only bad political decisions driven by a distorted view of current problems (and who is to blame for them) can doom us to a gloomy oil future.

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Leonardo Maugeri - The Age of Oil, The Mythology, History, and Future of the World's Most Controvers ial Resource (2006).pdf

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Martha S. Hewson - Stonewall Jackson, Confederate General (2001).jpg

This well-written story of Harriet Beecher Stowe is hard to put down. Details of her childhood, marriage, children, and writing career are thoroughly covered...This biography would be an asset to any study of the Civil War or slavery. Students who enjoy history will definitely enjoy reading this book.

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Martha S. Hewson - Stonewall Jackson, Confederate General (2001).pdf

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Thirteen Colonies - Craig A. Doherty, Katherine M. Doherty - South Carolina (2005).jpg

In an engaging narrative style, South Carolina thoroughly examines life in the early colony, including such details as the Yamasee War, pirate attacks, slavery, and the effect of such crops as indigo and rice. An entire chapter focuses on the numerous American Indian tribes - mainly the Cherokee and Catawba - who lived throughout the colony, from the coast and lowlands up into the Appalachian Mountains. Attention is also given to post-Revolution struggles such as the challenge of rebuilding South Carolina and deciding what to do about the remaining Loyalists.

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Thirteen Colonies - Craig A. Doherty, Katherine M. Doherty - South Carolina (2005).pdf

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Steve Nicholls - Paradise Found, Nature in America at the Time of Discovery (2009).jpg

This well documented book traces American natural history from the time of Jamestown (sometimes regressing to earlier times) into the present. If you would like to read history from the perspective of the American Indian, Jesuit priest explorers and all the fauna and flora riches surrounding them without any weepy eyed attempt to bemoan their destruction - Read "paradise found". Until I did, I had no real concept of how far we have fallen. Even though in my short life of 61 years I recall dramatic destruction of our natural environment (seems almost anyone older than 30 might likewise attest).

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Thirteen Colonies - Craig A. Doherty, Katherine M. Doherty - Virginia (2005).jpg

To understand how the United States came together as a nation, students must first acquaint themselves with the original 13 colonies - and how each of these colonies followed its own path to the ratification of the Constitution. "The Thirteen Colonies" set conveys the excitement of these stories to young people. Beginning with a brief introduction that discusses some of the broad reasons why Europeans came to the New World, both as explorers and settlers, each book's gripping narrative highlights the people, places, and events that were important to the development of each colony. Each volume in the set covers the following: a description of the American Indian peoples who lived in the area that would become each colony, the first European colonial settlements and life in the early colonies, conflicts between the colonists and American Indians, the battles and events of the Revolutionary War, each colony's role in the creation and ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and more.

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Thirteen Colonies - Craig A. Doherty, Katherine M. Doherty - Virginia (2005).pdf

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Frances Negrón-Muntaner - Boricua Pop, Puerto Rica ns and the Latinization of American Culture (2004).jpg

Boricua Pop is the first book solely devoted to Puerto Rican visibility, cultural impact, and identity formation in the U.S. and at home. Frances Negrón-Muntaner explores everything from the beloved American musical West Side Story to the phenomenon of singer/actress/ fashion designer Jennifer Lopez, from the faux historical chronicle Seva to the creation of Puerto Rican Barbie, from novelist Rosario Ferré to performer Holly Woodlawn, and from painter provocateur Andy Warhol to the seemingly overnight success story of Ricky Martin. Negrón-Muntaner traces some of the many possible itineraries of exchange between American and Puerto Rican cultures, including the commodification of Puerto Rican cultural practices such as voguing, graffiti, and the Latinization of pop music. Drawing from literature, film, painting, and popular culture, and including both the normative and the odd, the canonized authors and the misfits, the island and its diaspora, Boricua Pop is a fascinating blend of low life and high culture: a highly original, challenging, and lucid new work by one of our most talented cultural critics.

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Frances Negrón-Muntaner - Boricua Pop, Puerto Rica ns and the Latinization of American Culture (2004).pdf

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John Anthony Caruso - The Appalachian Frontier, Am erica's First Surge Westward (2003).jpg

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John Anthony Caruso - The Appalachian Frontier, Am erica's First Surge Westward (2003).pdf

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Arnold Krammer - Prisoners of War, A Reference Han dbook (2007).jpg

The fate of war prisoners through history has been cruel and haphazard. The lives of captives hung by a thread. Execution, enslavement, torture, or being held for ransom were equally likely. International agreements developed haltingly through the 19th and 20th centuries to culminate in the Geneva Accords of 1929. America's current War on Terror is causing a readjustment of centuries of POW policies. Prisoners of war are once again in the news as America and Western Europe grapple with a new, faceless enemy and the rules of war and the torture of POWs are open to reconsideration. Until very recently, there has been astonishingly little written on the subject of prisoners of war. Yet, to understand the present, it is critical to look back over history. To that end, Arnold Krammer examines the fate of war prisoners from Biblical and Medieval times through the halting evolution of international law to the current reshuffling of the rules. Since biblical times, war captives have been considered property and counted as booty to be enslaved or killed. Americans were interested in generals and weapons and battles, but not the fate of prisoners of war. The Second World War, when 90,000 Americans fell into enemy hands, began to change that. Concern for our POWs in Germany and Japan, and close contact with enemy camps in America began to change our attitudes. However, it was the Vietnam War, media-driven and polarizing, that caused the American public to truly reevaluate the plight of its sons and brothers, heroic and clearly loyal, as they fell into the hands of an inscrutable and apparently unyielding distant enemy. More recently, during the first Gulf War of 1991 and the current War on Terrorism, the issue of prisoners of war has moved to center stage, involving the clash of ideologies, politics, and expediency. Since 9/11, the rights and safety of prisoners of war caught up in the War on Terror have been debated in Congress and adjudicated on by former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales whose conclusions were protested by numerous organizations. The issue of prisoners of war is of more immediate concern now than ever before, and an examination of the history of their treatment and current status may well influence foreign policy.

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Arnold Krammer - Prisoners of War, A Reference Han dbook (2007).pdf

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American Political Leaders 1789-2005 (2005).jpg

Newly updated, this guide contains biographical information on approximately 9,000 of the most important US elected and appointed leaders. Organized for quick, easy reference, this is a guide for researchers, students, or anyone who needs names, dates, and other basic information on US leaders in one convenient source.

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American Political Leaders 1789-2005 (2005).pdf

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David W. reed - The Battle of Shiloh and the Organ izations Engaged (2008).jpg

The inquiry I most often received as a park ranger was if I had ever seen a ghost at Shiloh. I always said no. Working at the park for years and actually
living on the battlefield a good part of that period have convinced me there are no ghosts at Shiloh. Work-related tasks took me all over the battlefield, sometimes at night (when the park is closed) and in the remotest parts. Living at the park often necessitated travel through the battlefield at night and allowed for extremely enjoyable moonlight walks. (There is no more calm and peaceful experience than to take a nighttime walk through the Shiloh National Cemetery down to Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River.) Through it all, I’ve seen many things, but none of them has ever been of a supernatural nature. Many claim that such events do occur, but I fully believe that you see what you convince your mind to see.

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David W. reed - The Battle of Shiloh and the Organ izations Engaged (2008).pdf

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Gerald F Linderman - Embattled Courage, The Experi ence Of Combat In The American Civil War (1987).jpg

Linderman, history professor at the University of Michigan, describes the unreasonably high standards of morality prevalent in the nation at the start of the Civil War, citing for example a letter from General Custer assuring his wife that he has "not uttered a single oath, nor blasphemed, even in thought." According to Linderman, it was assumed on both sides that "the application of the moral values to the struggle would determine both the forms and the result of the war." By 1865 those soldiers who survived had learned otherwise. In this deep inquiry into the nature of courage (and cowardice) as defined by soldiers and civilians North and South, the author traces the breakdown of traditional values, the changing behavior of the soldiers and the "reconceptualization" of the war by veterans in their later years. Drawing on letters and memoirs, he reveals the common tendency of soldiers who became disillusioned during the fighting to experience an amazing reversion in postwar years to the blind idealism with which they originally went to war. Ironically, notes Linderman, the soldiers who went into the Spanish-American War carried the same values as those of 1861.

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Gerald F Linderman - Embattled Courage, The Experi ence Of Combat In The American Civil War (1987).pdf

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Irving Lewis Allen - The City in Slang, New York L ife and Popular Speech (1995).jpg

The American urban scene, and in particular New York's, has given us a rich cultural legacy of slang words and phrases, a bonanza of popular speech. Hot dog, rush hour, butter-and-egg man, gold digger, shyster, buttinsky, smart aleck, sidewalk superintendent, yellow journalism, breadline, straphanger, tar beach, the Tenderloin, the Great White Way, to do a Brodie--these are just a few of the hundreds of popular words and phrases that were born or took on new meaning in the streets of New York.

In The City in Slang, Irving Lewis Allen traces this flowering of popular expressions that accompanied the emergence of the New York metropolis from the early nineteenth century down to the present. This unique account of the cultural and social history of America's greatest city provides in effect a lexicon of popular speech about city life. With many stories Allen shows how this vocabulary arose from city streets, often interplaying with vaudeville, radio, movies, comics, and the popular songs of Tin Pan Alley.

Some terms of great pertinence to city people today have unexpectedly old pedigrees. Rush hour was coined by 1890, for instance, and rubberneck dates to the late 1890s and became popular in New York to describe the busloads of tourists who craned their necks to see the tall buildings and the sights of the Bowery and Chinatown. The Big Apple itself (since 1971 the official nickname of New York) appeared in the 1920s, though first in reference to the city's top racetracks and to Broadway bookings as pinnacles of professional endeavor. Allen also tells fascinating stories behind once-popular slang that is no longer in use. Spielers, for example, were the little girls in tenement districts who danced ecstatically on the sidewalks to the music of the hurdy-gurdy men and, when they were old enough, frequented the dance halls of the Lower East Side.

Following the trail of these words and phrases into the city's East Side, West Side, and all around the town, from Harlem to Wall Street, and into the haunts of its high and low life, The City in Slang is a fascinating look at the rich cultural heritage of language about city life.

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Irving Lewis Allen - The City in Slang, New York L ife and Popular Speech (1995).pdf

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Mark Helprin - Digital Barbarism, A Writer's Manif esto (2009).jpeg

The Creative Commons movement and the copyright abolitionists, like the rest of their generation, were educated with a modern bias toward collaboration, which has led them to denigrate individual efforts and in turn fueled their sense of entitlement to the fruits of other people’s labors. More important, their selfish desire to “stick it” to the greedy corporate interests who control the production and distribution of intellectual property undermines not just the possibility of an independent literary culture but threatens the future of civilization itself.

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Karen Mossberger,Caroline J. Tolbert,Ramona S.McNe al - Digital Citizenship, The Internet, Society, a nd Participation (2005).jpg

USA Books1 - Karen Mossberger,Caroline J. Tolbert,Ramona S.McNeal ...enship, The Internet, Society, and Participation 2005.jpg

Just as education has promoted democracy and economic growth, the Internet has the potential to benefit society as a whole. Digital citizenship, or the ability to participate in society online, promotes social inclusion. But statistics show that significant segments of the population are still excluded from digital citizenship.

The authors of this book define digital citizens as those who are online daily. By focusing on frequent use, they reconceptualize debates about the digital divide to include both the means and the skills to participate online. They offer new evidence (drawn from recent national opinion surveys and Current Population Surveys) that technology use matters for wages and income, and for civic engagement and voting.

Digital Citizenship examines three aspects of participation in society online: economic opportunity, democratic participation, and inclusion in prevailing forms of communication. The authors find that Internet use at work increases wages, with less-educated and minority workers receiving the greatest benefit, and that Internet use is significantly related to political participation, especially among the young. The authors examine in detail the gaps in technological access among minorities and the poor and predict that this digital inequality is not likely to disappear in the near future. Public policy, they argue, must address educational and technological disparities if we are to achieve full participation and citizenship in the twenty-first century.

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Karen Mossberger,Caroline J. Tolbert,Ramona S.McNe al - Digital Citizenship, The Internet, Society, a nd Participation (2005).pdf

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Addison Wiggin, The Demise of the Dollar... and Wh y It's Great For Your Investments (2005).jpg

As the dollar continues to weaken against other currencies, it is increasingly clear that this event will have a significant impact on investors and consumers around the world. Never before has the "reserve currency of the world" been so burdened by debt or suffered from such serious structural imbalances. The Demise of the Dollar . . . And Why It’s Great for Your Investments examines the reasons for the dollar’s current slide and offers an up-close look at the Federal Reserve’s attempts to "manage" the dollar’s value. Filled with in-depth insights, wry wit, and sound advice, this intriguing text offers an inside glimpse of the reality of today’s dollar and its impact on the world’s economies as well as readers’ personal portfolios.

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