Modernismo, a literary movement of fundamental importance to Spanish America and Spain, occurred at the turn of the nineteenth century, roughly from the 1880s to the 1920s. It is widely regarded as the first Spanish-language literary movement that originated in the New World and that became influential in the "Mother Country," Spain. Characterized by the appropriation of French Symbolist aesthetics into Spanish-language literature, modernismo's other significant traits were its cultural cosmopolitanism, its philological concern with language, literary history, and literary technique, and its journalistic penchant for novelty and fashion. Despite the splendor of modernista poetry, modernismo is now understood as a broad movement whose impact was felt just as strongly in the prose genres: the short story, the novel, the essay, and the journalistic crónica (chronicle). Conceived as an introduction to modernismo as well as an account of the current state of the art of modernismo studies, this book examines the movement's contribution to the various Spanish American literary genres, its main authors (from Martí and Nájera to Darío and Rodó), its social and historical context, and its continuing relevance to the work of contemporary Spanish American authors such as Gabriel García Márquez, Sergio Ramírez, and Mario Vargas Llosa. Anibal Gonzalez is Professor of Modern Latin American Literature at Yale University.

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Anibal Gonzales - A Companion to Spanish American Modernismo (2007).pdf

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Bob Gulla - Icons of R&B and Soul, An Encyclopedia of the Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm (2007).jpg

Drawn from a mosaic of influences, including folk, gospel, and blues, R&B represents both everything that came before and nothing that was heard before. This is the music that bridged the gap between audiences and helped, at the very height of racism in America, to dismantle racial barriers. So much of today's music is derived directly from the highly influential and critically important sounds of R&B that without it we would have never known the classic soul of the late '50s and '60s, the glory days of the genre. Similarly, rock n' roll as seen through the eyes of Bill Haley and Elvis Presley would have never evolved without the foundation laid by their R&B predecessors. Through substantial entries on the chief architects and innovators, Icons of R&B and Soul offers a vibrant overview of the music's impact in American culture and how it reflected contemporary society's politics, trends, and social issues. Numerous sidebars highlight Motown, prominent record labels, hit songs, related singers and songwriters, key events, and significant aspects of the music industry. Also included is a list of important print and Web resources, as well as a list of selected recordings. This encyclopedia will help to explore the historical and cultural framework of R&B and soul music through the musicians who have come to define the genre.

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Bob Gulla - Icons of R&B and Soul, An Encyclopedia of the Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm (2007).pdf

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Jan Goggans, Aaron DiFranco - The Pacific Region The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional C ultures (2004).jpg

USA Books1 - Jan Goggans, Aaron DiFranco - The Pacific Region The...nwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures 2004.jpg

Robert Penn Warren once wrote West is where we all plan to go some day, and indeed, images of the westernmost United States provide a mythic horizon to American cultural landscape. While the five states (California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawai'i) which touch Pacific waters do share commonalities within the history of westward expansion, the peoples who settled the regionâ€”and the indigenous peoples they encounteredâ€”have created spheres of culture that defy simple categorization. This wide-ranging reference volume explores the marvelously eclectic cultures that define the Pacific region. From the music and fashion of the Pacific northwest to the film industry and surfing subcultures of southern California, from the vast expanses of the Alaskan wilderness to the schisms between native and tourist culture in Hawa'ii, this unprecedented reference provides a detailed and fascinating look at American regionalism along the Pacific Rim.

The Greenwood encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures is the first rigorous reference collection on the many ways in which American identity has been defined by its regions and its people. Each of its eight regional volumes presents thoroughly researched narrative chapters on Architecture; Art; Ecology & Environment; Ethnicity; Fashion; Film & Theater; Folklore; Food; Language; Literature; Music; Religion; and Sports & Recreation. Each book also includes a volume-specific introduction, as well as a series foreword by noted regional scholar and former National Endowment for the Humanities Chairman William Ferris, who served as consulting editor for this encyclopedia.

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Jan Goggans, Aaron DiFranco - The Pacific Region The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional C ultures (2004).pdf

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Jessie Carney Smith - Encyclopedia of African Amer ican Business (Two Volumes) (2006).jpg

African Americans historically have played a role in shaping the economic development of their race and of the country, though only recently have they received attention in this regard. Current representation of African Americans in some of corporate America's top positions and as owners of technology companies reflect current trends in society and is a step toward closing the racial gap. This two-volume reference work provides students and general readers easy access to information on African American business leaders, companies, associations, and other business subjects. Written by more than 50 contributors, entries discuss both historical and contemporary figures and topics that help illustrate the occupations and businesses of blacks throughout history. Spanning the early 18th century to the present day, over 200 alphabetically arranged entries describe people and topics related to the history of African American business development, including: Berry O'Kelly, Advertising Agencies, Franklin Delano Raines, National Association of Black Women Entrepreneurs, Oprah Winfrey, Retail Industry, National Alliance of Market Developers, Kenneth Chenault, Spike Lee, Legal Defense and Education Fund, Myrtle Potter, Quincy Jones, Faith-Based Entrepreneurship, Credit Unions, Sylvia Woods, Eddie Murphy, Minority Enterprise Development Week, and more. Primary documents and statistical tables are also included to help display the numerous contributions of blacks in business.

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Jessie Carney Smith - Encyclopedia of African Amer ican Business (Two Volumes) (2006).pdf

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Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Joseph N. Cappella - Echo Chamber, Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment (2008).jpg

USA Books1 - Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Joseph N. Cappella - Echo Ch...imbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment 2008.jpg

Rupert Murdoch's recent multibillion-dollar purchase of the Wall Street Journal made international news. Yet it is but one more chapter in an untold story: the rise of an integrated conservative media machine that all began with Rush Limbaugh in the 1980s. Now Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Joseph Cappella--two of the nation's foremost experts on politics and communications--offer a searching analysis of the conservative media establishment, from talk radio to Fox News to the editorial page of the Wall Street Journal. Indeed, here is the first serious account of how the conservative media arose, what it consists of, and how it operates. To show how this influential segment of the media works, the authors examine the uproar that followed when Senator Trent Lott seemed to endorse Strom Thurmond's segregationist past. Limbaugh called the remarks "utterly indefensible," but added that a "double standard" was in play.That signaled a broad counterattack by the conservative media establishment, charging the mainstream media with hypocrisy (yet using its reports when convenient), creating a knowledge base (a set of facts or allegations for partisans to draw upon), and fostering an in-group identity. By analyzing such cases, together with survey data, Jamieson and Cappella find that Limbaugh, Fox News, and the Wall Street Journal opinion pages create a self-protective enclave for conservatives, shielding them from other information sources, and promoting strongly negative associations with political opponents. Limbaugh in particular, they write, fuses the roles of party leader and opinion leader in a fashion reminiscent of the nineteenth century's partisan newspaper editors. The rise of conservative media has fundamentally changed American politics. This thoughtful study offers the most authoritative and insightful account of this revolutionary phenomenon available today.

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Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Joseph N. Cappella - Echo Chamber, Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment (2008).pdf

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Linda S. Cordell, Kent Lightfoot, Francis McManamo n, George Milner - Archaeology in America, An Ency clopedia (2008).jpg

USA Books1 - Linda S. Cordell, Kent Lightfoot, Francis McManamon, ...Milner - Archaeology in America, An Encyclopedia 2008.jpg

The greatness of America is right under our feet. The American past—the people, battles, industry and homes—can be found not only in libraries and museums, but also in hundreds of archaeological sites that scientists investigate with great care. These sites are not in distant lands, accessible only by research scientists, but nearby—almost every locale possesses a parcel of land worthy of archaeological exploration. Archaeology in America is the first resource that provides students, researchers, and anyone interested in their local history with a survey of the most important archaeological discoveries in North America. Leading scholars, most with an intimate knowledge of the area, have written in-depth essays on over 300 of the most important archaeological sites that explain the importance of the site, the history of the people who left the artifacts, and the nature of the ongoing research.

Archaeology in America divides it coverage into 8 regions: the Arctic and Subarctic, the Great Basin and Plateau, the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, the Midwest, the Northeast, the Southeast, the Southwest, and the West Coast. Each entry provides readers with an accessible overview of the archaeological site as well as books and articles for further research.

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Linda S. Cordell, Kent Lightfoot, Francis McManamo n, George Milner - Archaeology in America, An Ency clopedia (2008).pdf

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Mark Grossman - Political Corruption in America, A n Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed, 2 Vo l. Set (2003).jpg

USA Books1 - Mark Grossman - Political Corruption in America, An E...opedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed, 2 Vol. Set 2003.jpg

The complete scandal-filled history of American political corruption focusing on the infamous people and cases, as well as society's electoral and judicial reactions. America loves a good scandal. Since colonial times, there has been no shortage of politicians willing to take a bribe, skirt campaign finance laws, or act in their own interests. Corruption like the Whiskey Ring, Watergate, and whitewater cases dominate American life, making political scandal a leading U.S. industry. From judges to senators, presidents to mayors, Political Corruption In America discusses the infamous people throughout history that have been accused and implicated in crooked behavior. More than 250 A-Z entries explore the people, crimes, investigations, and court cases behind 200 years of American political scandals. This unbiased volume also delves into the issues surrounding Koreagate, the Chinese money scandal, and other ethical lapses. Relevant terms and statutes, including the Independent Counsel Act and impeachment as a tool of political punishment, are examined as well. Students and scholars following American history, political science, and ethics, plus other intrigued readers, will all appreciate this survey of a wide range of corrupting influences. This title focuses on how politicians of all stripes have fallen because of their greed and hubris. And how society has used electoral and judicial means against those who tested the accepted standards of political conduct.

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Mark Grossman - Political Corruption in America, A n Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed, 2 Vo l. Set (2003).pdf

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Osprey - Colour Series - Mike Verier - Cobra, Tank Killer Supreme (1989).jpg

The Bell AH-1 Cobra (company designation: Model 209) is a two-bladed, single engine attack helicopter manufactured by Bell Helicopter. It shares a common engine, transmission and rotor system with the older UH-1 Iroquois. The AH-1 is also referred to as the HueyCobra or Snake.

The AH-1 was the backbone of the United States Army's attack helicopter fleet, but has been replaced by the AH-64 Apache in Army service. Upgraded versions continue to fly with the militaries of several other nations. The AH-1 twin engine versions remain in service with United States Marine Corps as the service's primary attack helicopter. Surplus AH-1 helicopters have been converted for fighting forest fires. The United States Forest Service refers to their program as the Firewatch Cobra. Garlick Helicopters also converts surplus AH-1s for forest firefighting under the name, FireSnake.

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Osprey - Duel 02 - Stephen A. Hart - Sherman firef ly vs Tiger (2007).jpg

The German Tiger heavy tank was a monster of a machine that dominated the battlefields of Europe. One of the most feared weapons of World War II, the Tiger gained an aura of invincibility that was only shattered by the introduction of the Sherman Firefly during the summer of 1944. Designed by the British to combat the Tiger, the Sherman Firefly was based on the American M4A4 Sherman, but was fitted with a powerful 17-pounder gun which made it a deadly opponent. This book describes the design and development of these two opponents, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, assessing their tactics, weaponry and training. Gunsight artwork puts the reader 'inside' the tanks during famous battle scenarios, in a victory of superior Allied numbers, tactics and engineering.

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Peter Knight - Conspiracy Theories in American His tory, An Encyclopedia (2003).jpg

"Conspiracy theories (and, from time to time, actual conspiracies) have played a vital role in shaping the course of American history." So states the editor of this set, which is the work of more than 123 contributors. It is intended as "a serious and comprehensive summary of all the major events, ideas, and figures of U.S. conspiracy thinking."

The set begins with "Conspiracy Theories in America: A Historical Overview" and "Making Sense of Conspiracy Theories," two excellent articles that provide background and understanding of the subject. This material is followed by more than 300 entries for both actual and imagined conspiracies. Examples of theories include the extremely well known as well as the somewhat obscure. As might be expected, the entry on the John F. Kennedy assassination is the longest, covering 15 pages. Among other entries are AIDS, Cattle mutilations, Oklahoma City bombing, Pearl Harbor, Tobacco industry, UFOs, and whitewater. The theories are arranged alphabetically and include see also references and brief bibliographies of related works. Appropriate Web sites are also listed for some.

Section 3 contains approximately 100 extracts from primary source documents, arranged chronologically from Cotton Mather's Wonders of the Invisible World (1692) to Lawton et al. v. Republic of Iraq (2003). A headnote explains the context of each.

This is a fascinating reference set that presents intriguing (albeit sometimes far-fetched) theories. Examining these theories, one can see how almost any event or idea can be viewed as a conspiracy, actual or imagined. This would be an excellent addition to academic and large public libraries. RBB

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Peter Knight - Conspiracy Theories in American His tory, An Encyclopedia (2003).pdf

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Peterson's, How to Become a U.S. Citizen (2010).jpg

Peterson's How to Become a U.S. Citizen is the perfect resource to help you pass the U.S. citizenship exam with flying colors! Learn about the benefits and responsibilities of citizenship, eligibility requirements, and what's involved in becoming naturalized. Follow step-by-step guidance on applying for U.S. citizenship. Prepare with practice questions for each portion of the new naturalization test, including civics and English speaking, reading, and writing.

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Peterson's, How to Become a U.S. Citizen (2010).pdf

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Robert S. Weddle - The Wrecking of La Salle's Ship Aimable and the Trial of Claude Aigron (2009).jpg

When Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, landed on the Texas coast in 1685, bent on founding a French colony, his enterprise was doomed to failure. Not only was he hundreds of miles from his intended landfall - the mouth of the Mississippi - but his supply ship, Aimable, was wrecked at the mouth of Matagorda Bay, leaving the colonists with scant provisions and little protection against local Indian tribes. In anger and disgust, he struck out at the ship's captain, Claude Aigron, accusing him of wrecking the vessel purposely and maliciously. Captain Aigron and his crew escaped the doomed colony by returning to France on the warship that had escorted the expedition on its ocean crossing. Soon after reaching France, Aigron found himself defendant in a civil suit filed by two of his officers seeking recompense for lost salary and personal effects, and then imprisoned on order of King Louis XIV while La Salle's more serious accusations were being investigated. In this book, Robert Weddle meticulously recounts, through court documents, the known history of Aigron and the Aimable, and finds that despite La Salle's fervent accusations, the facts of the case offer no clear indictment. The court documents, deftly translated by Francois Lagarde, reveal Captain Aigron's successful defence and illuminate the circumstances of the wreck with Aigron's testimony. Much is also revealed about the French legal system and how the sea laws of the period were applied through the French government's L'Ordonnance de la Marine.

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Robert S. Weddle - The Wrecking of La Salle's Ship Aimable and the Trial of Claude Aigron (2009).pdf

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American Popular Music - Thom Holmes - Jazz (2005).jpg

This concise volume is a part of Facts On File's seven-volume American Popular Music set. With more than 500 alphabetically arranged entries covering history, instruments, leading figures, influential recordings, varying styles and subgenres, vocabulary, and performance techniques, the volume functions as a comprehensive guide to a uniquely American musical form. A very useful "Introducing Jazz" section briefly discusses jazz eras and movements and provides a helpful listening guide for nonaficionados. Most helpful of all, entry headings are cross-referenced throughout the introduction, allowing users to jump right to them.

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American Popular Music - Thom Holmes - Jazz (2005).pdf

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American Popular Music - Richard Carlin, Barbara C hing - Country (2005).jpg

Country is a volume in the Facts On File American Popular Music set, which also includes the volumes Blues, Classical, Folk, Jazz, Rhythm and Blues, Rock and Roll, and a comprehensive index. This set is designed to provide concise information on genres of music important to U.S. culture, and is written for readers from grades nine and up.

Country emphasizes current stars but does have some articles on historical aspects of the genre, as well as on related genres such as bluegrass and gospel music.

Approximately 400 entries cover personalities, key performances and events, recordings, musical instruments, essential publications, hit songs, historical and social issues, recording companies, and organizations. Entries are arranged alphabetically, are 100 to 500 words long, and are cross-referenced. Users will also find a selection of photographs of performers, composers, or musical instruments. Unfortunately, there are only about 55 photographs, and the targeted audience would benefit from far more--at least photos of all of the artists covered. The appendixes are a chronology of major events arranged by year, a list of selected recordings to supplement the reading, a short selection of Web sites, and DVD and video recordings. Carlin ends the book with a glossary of musical terms and a list of further readings. The listings for Web sites should have been more inclusive of music downloads and podcasts for the genres, considering the numbers of iPods or MP3 players sold each year to the intended audience.

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American Popular Music - Richard Carlin, Barbara C hing - Country (2005).pdf

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American Popular Music - Frank W. Hoffmann - Rhyth m and Blues, Rap, and Hip-Hop (2005).jpg

The eight-volume American Popular Music set includes more than 1,400 entries for musical artists, styles, events, and terms relating to music genres. Rhythm and Blues, Rap, and Hip-Hop is the volume examined for this review (other volumes cover classical music, country music, folk music, and jazz, and the final volume is a comprehensive index). Entries vary in length from one or two paragraphs to several pages, with most being of the shorter variety. Each musician's entry includes name, birth and death dates, musical role, and biographical information. There are also entries for styles and other related topics, for example, Censorship. Recent artists, such as young producer Puff Daddy (with a cross-reference from Diddy, his most recent name change), are included. Various appendixes--a chronology, a glossary of terms, and a bibliography--follow the A-Z entries in the volume. Although the volume is relatively short, it could be useful for libraries that do not have an extensive music reference collection.

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American Popular Music - Frank W. Hoffmann - Rhyth m and Blues, Rap, and Hip-Hop (2005).pdf

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John Curtis Samples - The Marketplace of Democracy , Electoral Competition And American Politics (200 6).jpg

Since 1998, U.S. House incumbents have won a staggering 98 percent of their reelection races. Electoral competition is also low and in decline in most state and primary elections. The Marketplace for Democracy combines the resources of two eminent research organizations—the Brookings Institution and the Cato Institute—to address the startling lack of competition in our democratic system. The contributors consider the historical development, legal background, and political aspects of a system that is supposed to be responsive and accountable yet for many is becoming stagnant, self-perpetuating, and tone-deaf. How did we get to this point, and what—if anything—should be done about it?

In The Marketplace for Democracy, top-tier political scholars also investigate the perceived lack of competition in arenas only previously speculated on, such as state legislative contests and congressional primaries. Michael McDonald, John Samples, and their colleagues analyze previous reform efforts such as direct primaries and term limits, and the effects they have had on electoral competition. They also examine current reform efforts in redistricting and campaign finance regulation, as well as the impact of third parties. In sum, what does all this tell us about what might be done to increase electoral competition?

Elections are the vehicles through which Americans choose who governs them, and the power of the ballot enables ordinary citizens to keep public officials accountable. This volume considers different policy options for increasing the competition needed to keep American politics vibrant, responsive, and democratic.

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