For centuries, a persistent and important component of Lakota religious life has been the Inipi, the ritual of the sweat lodge. The sweat lodge has changed little in appearance since its first recorded description in the late seventeenth century. The ritual itself consists of songs, prayers, and other actions conducted in a tightly enclosed, dark, and extremely hot environment. Participants who “sweat” together experience moral strengthening, physical healing, and the renewal of social and cultural bonds. Today, the sweat lodge ritual continues to be a vital part of Lakota religion. It has also been open to use, often controversial, by non-Indians. The ritual has recently become popular among Lakotas recovering from alcohol and drug addiction.

This study is the first in-depth look at the history and significance of the Lakota sweat lodge. Bringing together data culled from historical sources and fieldwork on Pine Ridge Reservation, Raymond A. Bucko provides a detailed discussion of continuity and changes in the “sweat” ritual over time. He offers convincing explanations for the longevity of the ceremony and its continuing popularity.

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Raymond A. Bucko - The Lakota Ritual of the Sweat Lodge, History and Contemporary Practice (1999).pdf

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Raymond J. Demallie - Sioux Indian Religion (1987).jpg

The Sioux regard the universe as ultimately incomprehensible; life, growth, and death are mysterious and suggestive of powers difficult to understand. Since time itself is regarded as non-causal, and does not embody notions of change and progress, nothing in the universe can be considered to be inevitable. This incomprehensibility and unpredictability of the universe, anything difficult to understand, is called 'wakan', which also connotes the animating force of the universe, the totality of which is 'Wakan Tanka'. Wakan Tanka is the sum total of the personified powers that brought all things into being; sometimes it is embodied as the Six Grandfathers.
Humankind itself formed in and emerged from the womb of Mother Earth, as did the buffalo. Everything has its own spirit but all share the same spiritual essence that is Wakan Tanka; so it is that the most important aspects of personality are shared by everything in the universe. Other beings often shared their knowledge with humans or provided aid in time of crisis (See Mary Crow Dog:1991 pp.178-180), and so came to be thought of as 'people'. The observance of the human-like characteristics of these peoples led to the development of kinship with them. At birth one receives from Takuskanskan a guardian spirit and the life-breath or ghost which comes from the stars; at death these return to the spirit world.
Ritual seeks to placate the wakan beings or powers - which may be predisposed to good or evil - but also involves a process of continuing revelation. On returning from his vision quest, the vision seeker commonly integrates his vision into the life of the community by performing it ritually in public. In this way he adds to the fund of collective knowledge necessary to sustain a balanced relationship between the human community and other forms of life, both animate and inanimate. This sense of unity and of the cohesive force of ritual, is conveyed by the recurring song text: "I do this ( take part in the ritual, songs and prayers) so that I may live with my relations" (Powers:1982 p.154).
Finally, a few words on the Black Hills, why they are sacred to the Sioux. According to Charlotte Black Elk, Sioux legend says that with the creation of the universe a song was given to it, each part of the universe being imbued with a part of the song; but only in the Black Hills was the song found in its entirety, here at the "heart of everything that is" (Timewatch "Savagery and the American Indian" Part 2, BBC2 30th January 1991). Legend also says that the hills are "...a reclining female figure from whose breasts flowed life-giving forces, and to them the Lakota [Sioux] went as a child to its mother's arms" (Luther Standing Bear quoted in Matthiessen :1992 p.4). It was in the Black Hills that the Sioux people originated, and at Bear Butte on the eastern edge of the Hills, that the Creator first imparted his sacred instructions to them; thus it is that Bear Butte is the most sacred of all places, and both Sioux and Cheyenne come here each year for vision quests. Although explanations of what happens to one at death vary, it has been said that the spirits of the Sioux dead rest in the Black Hills.

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Raymond J. Demallie - Sioux Indian Religion (1987).pdf

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Raymond J. DeMallie - The Sixth Grandfather (1985).jpg

"In The Sixth Grandfather, Dr. DeMallie reveals himself to be a uniquely sensitive interpreter of Lakota theology, philosophy, and history—which are all one in traditionalist Lakota thought. His editing is a masterpiece of scholarly skill and spiritual insight, insight that penetrates the inner beings of both Black Elk and John G. Neihardt, two men of vastly different cultures who became one as seekers of the Sacred. The Sixth Grandfather is, as it were, the completion of the holy task begun in Black Elk Speaks and When the Tree Flowered."— Father Peter J. Powell, author of People of the Sacred Mountain
(Father Peter J. Powell )

"As a careful anthropological document or a moving personal testimony, the legacy here preserved deserves a wide readership."—Library Journal
(Library Journal )

Product Description
In Black Elk Speaks and When the Tree Flowered, John C. Neihardt recorded the teachings of the Oglala holy man Black Elk, who had, in a vision, seen himself as the "sixth grandfather," the spiritual representative of the earth and of mankind. Raymond J. DeMallie makes available for the first time the transcripts from Neihardt's interviews with Black Elk in 1931 and 1944, which formed the basis for the two books. His introduction offers new insights into the life of Black Elk.

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52,6 MB
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Raymond J. DeMallie - The Sixth Grandfather (1985).pdf

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William J. Broad - Teller's War, The Top-Secret St ory Behind the Star Wars Deception (1992).jpg

A Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author of Star Warriors discusses the career of scientist Edward Teller and assesses Teller's role in promoting the costly Star Wars program.

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6,1 MB
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William J. Broad - Teller's War, The Top-Secret St ory Behind the Star Wars Deception (1992).djvu

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Arieh J. Kochavi - Confronting Captivity, Britain and the United States and Their POWs in Nazi Germa ny (2005).jpg

How was it possible that almost all of the nearly 300,000 British and American troops who fell into German hands during World War II survived captivity in German POW camps and returned home almost as soon as the war ended? In Confronting Captivity, Arieh J. Kochavi offers a behind-the-scenes look at the living conditions in Nazi camps and traces the actions the British and American governments took--and didn't take--to ensure the safety of their captured soldiers. Concern in London and Washington about the safety of these POWs was mitigated by the recognition that the Nazi leadership tended to adhere to the Geneva Convention when it came to British and U.S. prisoners. Following the invasion of Normandy, however, Allied apprehension over the safety of POWs turned into anxiety for their very lives. Yet Britain and the United States took the calculated risk of counting on a swift conclusion to the war as the Soviets approached Germany from the east. Ultimately, Kochavi argues, it was more likely that the lives of British and American POWs were spared because of their race rather than any actions their governments took on their behalf.

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5,1 MB
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Arieh J. Kochavi - Confronting Captivity, Britain and the United States and Their POWs in Nazi Germa ny (2005).pdf

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185 KB
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Beth Eddy - The Rites of Identity, The Religious N aturalism and Cultural Criticism of Kenneth Burke and Ralph Ellison (2003).jpg

01 - USA - Beth Eddy - The Rites of Identity, The Religious Natura...ural Criticism of Kenneth Burke and Ralph Ellison 2003.jpg

The Rites of Identity argues that Kenneth Burke was the most deciding influence on Ralph Ellison's writings, that Burke and Ellison are firmly situated within the American tradition of religious naturalism, and that this tradition--properly understood as religious--offers a highly useful means for considering contemporary identity and mitigating religious conflict.
Beth Eddy adds Burke and Ellison to a tradition of religious naturalism that traces back to Ralph Waldo Emerson but received its most nuanced expression in the work of George Santayana. Through close readings of the essays and fiction of Burke and Ellison, Eddy shows the extent to which their cultural criticisms are intertwined. Both offer a naturalized understanding of piety, explore the psychological and social dynamics of scapegoating, and propose comic religious resources. And both explicitly connect these religious categories to identity, be it religious, racial, national, ethnic, or gendered. Eddy--arguing that the most socially damaging uses of religious language and ritual are connected to the best uses that such language has to offer--finds in Burke and Ellison ways to manage this precarious situation and to mitigate religious violence through wise use of performative symbolic action.
By placing Burke and Ellison in a tradition of pragmatic thought, The Rites of Identity uncovers an antiessentialist approach to identity that serves the moral needs of a world that is constantly negotiating, performing, and ritualizing changes of identity.

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Beth Eddy - The Rites of Identity, The Religious N aturalism and Cultural Criticism of Kenneth Burke and Ralph Ellison (2003).pdf

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David Carleton - Landmark Congressional Laws on Ed ucation (2002).jpg

Provides the text of 18 landmark education laws and an examination and discussion of each law with terms and concepts carefully explained.

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13,9 MB
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David Carleton - Landmark Congressional Laws on Ed ucation (2002).pdf

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Douglas Little - American Orientalism, The United States and the Middle East since 1945 (2008).jpg

In contrast to many post-September 11 studies, which seek to satisfy the demand for instant analysis, Little's fascinating book is based on extensive and long-range research into the history of U.S.-Mideastern relations. Informative and well balanced, this work of diplomatic and political history raises provocative questions about that history that shed an intriguing light not only on the events of September 11 but on the past 60 years of American encounters with the Middle East. Little's overarching theme is the complex and sometimes inconsistent attitudes and interests that determined U.S. policy in the region. The author contends that American political activity has been hampered by profound cultural misunderstanding, resulting in unforeseen and unintended negative consequences. In eight invigorating chapters, Clark University historian Little (Malevolent Neutrality) focuses on the implications of oil, the persistence of racial and cultural stereotypes (whether anti-Semitic or anti-Islamic) and the importance of Israel in American foreign policy. After reviewing all the major episodes, he poses the important question of whether wealth and power have provided America with the moral authority necessary to control the Middle East. Little's own assessment is not entirely positive. His text is highly accessible, yet offers serious and careful analysis. At a time when the U.S. is possibly on the verge of a major military intervention in Iraq, this stimulating book is highly recommended.

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Evelyn Goh - Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement w ith China, 1961-1974, From 'Red Menace' to 'Tacit Ally' (2004).jpg

01 - USA - Evelyn Goh - Constructing the U.S. Rapprochement with C...h China, 1961-1974, From Red Menace to Tacit Ally 2004.jpg

With Nixon’s historic reconciliation with China in 1972, Sino-American relations were restored, and China moved from being regarded as America’s most implacable enemy, to a friend and tacit ally. Existing accounts of the rapprochement focus on the shifting balance of power between the US, China and the Soviet Union, but in this book, Goh argues that they cannot adequately explain the timing and policy choices related to Washington’s decisions for reconciliation with Beijing. Instead, she applies a more historically sensitive approach that privileges contending official American constructions of China’s identity and character. This book demonstrates that ideas of reconciliation with China were already being propagated and debated within official circles in the US during the 1960s. It traces the related policy discourse and imagery, and examines their continuities and evolution into the early 1970s that facilitated Nixon’s new policy.

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Fraser Cameron - Us Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Global Hegemon or Reluctant Sheriff (2002).jpg

The second edition of US Foreign Policy after the Cold War provides a comprehensive introduction to the main actors and machinery of American foreign policy. It also offers an assessment of the foreign policy records of the Clinton and the two Bush administrations. It examines how America struggled to find a defining role in the decade after the Cold War and then assesses the revolution in US foreign and security policy brought about as a result of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It charts the unilateralist trends in the first George W Bush administration and suggests that there may be some changes in foreign policy during the second four years as a result of the experience of going-it-alone on Iraq.The book provides an inside account of the major actors in US foreign policy - the White House, the State Department, Pentagon, intelligence agencies, Congress, media and public opinion. It then considers the priorities of US foreign policy including:· Terrorism · Rogue states· The promotion of democracy · Trade · The Middle East · Europe · AsiaIt also contains an overview of the debate about the direction of US foreign policy within the US and analyses the implications of American power for the rest of the world. This book is essential reading for professionals and academics with interests in the United States, international politics and international relations.
The second edition of US Foreign Policy after the Cold War provides a comprehensive introduction to the main actors and machinery of American foreign policy. It also offers an assessment of the foreign policy records of the Clinton and the two Bush administrations. It examines how America struggled to find a defining role in the decade after the Cold War and then assesses the revolution in US foreign and security policy brought about as a result of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It charts the unilateralist trends in the first George W Bush administration and suggests that there may be some changes in foreign policy during the second four years as a result of the experience of going-it-alone on Iraq.The book provides an inside account of the major actors in US foreign policy - the White House, the State Department, Pentagon, intelligence agencies, Congress, media and public opinion. It then considers the priorities of US foreign policy including:· Terrorism · Rogue states· The promotion of democracy · Trade · The Middle East · Europe · AsiaIt also contains an overview of the debate about the direction of US foreign policy within the US and analyses the implications of American power for the rest of the world. This book is essential reading for professionals and academics with interests in the United States, international politics and international relations.

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1,5 MB
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Fraser Cameron - Us Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Global Hegemon or Reluctant Sheriff (2002).pdf

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Jan Joost Teunissen, Age Akkerman - Global Imbalan ces and the US Debt Problem, Should Developing Cou ntries Support the Us Dollar (2006).jpg

01 - USA - Jan Joost Teunissen, Age Akkerman - Global Imbalances ...Should Developing Countries Support the Us Dollar 2006.jpg

Contributing authors: Jane D' Arista, Zdenk Drábek, Barry Eichengreen, Fan Gang, Stephany Griffith-Jones, Jan Kregel, Yonghyup Oh, Yung Chul Park, Barbara Stallings, Jan Joost Teunissen, Wing Thye Woo Editors: Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman A book that analyses how the ballooning foreign debt problem of the United States and the problem of increasing global economic imbalances are related, how these problems should be addressed and by whom. Contributing authors provide deep insights and practical policy suggestions of what can be done to lessen the vulnerability of developing countries and contribute to a resolution of the US debt and global imbalances problems. According to some of the contributors, the fundamental problem lies in a global monetary system that maintains the US dollar as the key currency.

This allows the US to run high deficits and it prolongs a situation in which capital flows uphill from poor countries to the richest country of the world. They see a reform of the international monetary system that ends the hegemony of the dollar as the best solution. Other contributors observe that as long as both Asia and Europe continue to use positive net exports to support their domestic policy goals, they will continue to finance US deficits. The book devotes considerable attention to Chinas role in the global imbalance problem. It investigates whether there are good reasons for placing so much blame on China, and concludes that the focus on the bilateral balance between China and the United States is exaggerated and misleading.

The growing and staggering foreign debt of the United States is one of the pressing issues of our days. So is the problem of large global economic imbalances. This book analyses how these two problems are related, how they should be addressed and by whom.

In assessing the risks of a dramatic unwinding of US debt and global imbalances, the negative impact on developing countries usually receives little attention. This book is different – it focuses primarily on developing countries.

The contributing authors look at the functioning of the world economic system as a whole and at the policies pursued in both the developed and developing regions of the world. They urge the US to reduce its deficits, and suggest what developing countries and the international community can do to lessen the vulnerability of developing countries and contribute to a resolution of the US debt and global imbalances problems.

According to some of the contributors, the fundamental problem lies in a global monetary system that maintains the US dollar as the key currency. This allows the US to run high deficits and it prolongs a situation in which capital flows “uphill” – from poor countries to the richest country of the world. They see a reform of the international monetary system that ends the hegemony of the dollar as the best solution. Other contributors observe that as long as both Asia and Europe continue to use positive net exports to support their domestic policy goals, they will continue to finance US deficits.

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Jan Joost Teunissen, Age Akkerman - Global Imbalan ces and the US Debt Problem, Should Developing Cou ntries Support the Us Dollar (2006).pdf

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Khalil Marrar - The Arab Lobby and US Foreign Poli cy (2009).jpg

The US foreign policy stance on Israel-Palestine has shifted considerably in recent years, from a position of 'Israel only' to one which embraces both Israel and Palestine in a call for peace. This volume assesses why the US stance has evolved in the way that it has, concluding that while international factors cannot be overlooked, developments within the United States itself are also crucial. After years of vacillating on Palestinian national aspirations, the majority of Americans, the author notes, have come to favor the establishment of an independent Palestinian state on the West Bank and the Gaza strip.Considering what accounts for changes in US policy on Israel-Palestine, this volume: delivers a thorough assessment of the role of international and domestic factors in shaping US policy in this area; considers how US policy has evolved from the Camp David negotiations of the 1970s up to the occupation of Iraq in the mid 2000s; explores the significance of American public opinion and the pro-Israel and Arab lobbies in the evolution of US policy. "The Arab Lobby and US Foreign Policy" will be of interest to students and scholars of Foreign Policy and Political Science, Current Affairs and American Studies. Khalil M. Marrar is Professor at DePaul University, USA. He has served in editorial positions at the Arab Studies Quarterly and the Association of Arab-American University Graduates.

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Khalil Marrar - The Arab Lobby and US Foreign Poli cy (2009).pdf

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Martha Gardner - The Qualities of a Citizen, Women , Immigration, and Citizenship, 1870-1965 (2005).jpg

The Qualities of a Citizen traces the application of U.S. immigration and naturalization law to women from the 1870s to the late 1960s. Like no other book before, it explores how racialized, gendered, and historical anxieties shaped our current understandings of the histories of immigrant women. The book takes us from the first federal immigration restrictions against Asian prostitutes in the 1870s to the immigration "reform" measures of the late 1960s. Throughout this period, topics such as morality, family, marriage, poverty, and nationality structured historical debates over women's immigration and citizenship.
At the border, women immigrants, immigration officials, social service providers, and federal judges argued the grounds on which women would be included within the nation. As interview transcripts and court documents reveal, when, where, and how women were welcomed into the country depended on their racial status, their roles in the family, and their work skills. Gender and race mattered.
The book emphasizes the comparative nature of racial ideologies in which the inclusion of one group often came with the exclusion of another. It explores how U.S. officials insisted on the link between race and gender in understanding America's peculiar brand of nationalism. It also serves as a social history of the law, detailing women's experiences and strategies, successes and failures, to belong to the nation.

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Paul Lester, Susan Ross - Images that Injure (2003 ).jpg

Images That Injure provides an examination of a particular set of pictures that do harm to others, and in turn to all of us. These images--media-promulgated stereotypes of various and diverse groups of people--cause harm in both direct and indirect ways by presenting oversimplified, mostly negative, and often deceptive depictions. In this collection of new and revised essays, noted scholars explore the ways in which these images are created, viewed, and ultimately ingrained into the American culture, examining newspapers, books, films, advertisements, commercials, television shows, magazines, and the Internet. Groups as diverse as African-Americans, women, the elderly, the physically disabled, gays and lesbians, and Jewish Americans are considered here; also included is a special section on post-9/11 stereotyping in the media. These discussions illuminate how each of these media and each of us individually and collectively participate in a sea of meaning that is simultaneously personal and social, unique and shared, linked and independent.

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Paul Lester, Susan Ross - Images that Injure (2003 ).pdf

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Rhonda L. Callaway - Strategic US Foreign Assistan ce (2008).jpg

In a post-Cold War environment, questions about the recipient country's human rights have been central to the debate concerning aid allocation. The United States (US) has included human rights as a major component of its foreign policy agenda beginning with the Marshall Plan and more recently with Plan Colombia designed to combat drug trafficking. Long-term strategic US relationships further demonstrate the battle between human rights and national security with the post-September 11, 2001 environment stressing the importance of strategic allies in the war on terrorism. However, there exists a paradox regarding US foreign assistance: does it really address human rights or is it merely another instrument in the US foreign policy toolbox? This insightful book addresses several key themes and questions revolving around the complex nature of US foreign policy and human rights.

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Rhonda L. Callaway - Strategic US Foreign Assistan ce (2008).pdf

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Richard A. Iley - Untangling the US Deficit, Evalu ating Causes, Cures and Global Imbalances (2007).jpg

Writing a book on the US current account deficit was a challenge that
neither of us could resist. With the United States absorbing four-fifths of
the world’s cross-border savings, this imbalance is perhaps the biggest issue
in the international economy. In addition, with the funds flowing from
some of the poorest countries to the richest, the global imbalances take on
an extra dimension, as summed up by the view of another author that the
flow is ‘fundamentally perverse’. Subject matter of such significance and
portent could hardly be ignored.
Both of us have been involved with the question of current account
deficits for some time. One of us – a market economist immersed in the
daily ebb and flow of financial markets reacting to and affected by the US
deficit – welcomed the opportunity that the book offered, to sit back and
take a longer-term perspective. The other, an academic, who was involved
in the debates on current account deficits in the Australian context some
fifteen years ago, was glad of the opportunity to see how the literature had
changed over the intervening years and to examine matters from the very
different vantage point of the US economy.
As it turned out, one major difference from the past comes from the sheer
variety of views that US academics and others have put forward to account
for the phenomenon of the US external deficit. One inspiration for the
volume came from the observation of ex-Federal Reserve Vice-Chairman
Roger Ferguson that there had been few attempts to evaluate the full range
of explanations advanced for the US deficit. The first task we had was to
develop an organizing framework to deal with the different hypotheses,
with the aim of producing the most comprehensive account to date of the
various views and how they contribute to the story of the evolution of the
US current account deficit.

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Richard A. Iley - Untangling the US Deficit, Evalu ating Causes, Cures and Global Imbalances (2007).pdf

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Richard Price, Sally Price - The Root of Roots, Or , How Afro-American Anthropology Got its Start (20 03).jpg

Anthropological iconoclasts Richard and Sally Price have spent the last two decades not only creating an unparalleled oeuvre of scholarship in several areas of anthropology but also unabashedly calling foul on any untenable or patronizing concepts of "us" and "them," "primitive" and "modern," that cross their path. For this pamphlet, they crack the yellowing diaries kept by Melville and Frances Herskovits on their famous 1920s expedition deep into the South American jungle, exposing—with their trademark combination of deadpan wit and theoretical rigor—the origins of the field that has come to be known as African diaspora studies.

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U Mnie same najlepsze screenmaty 2000-2005 roku I Deskmaty!!!!

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