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82 KB
11 lis 12 17:53

David Bacon - Illegal People, How Globalization Cr eates Migration and Criminalizes Immigrants (2008).jpg

For two decades veteran photojournalist David Bacon has documented the connections between labor, migration, and the global economy. In Illegal People Bacon explores the human side of globalization, exposing the many ways it uproots people in Latin America and Asia, driving them to migrate. At the same time, U.S. immigration policy makes the labor of those displaced people a crime in the United States. Illegal People explains why our national policy produces even more displacement, more migration, more immigration raids, and a more divided, polarized society.
Through interviews and on-the-spot reporting from both impoverished communities abroad and American immigrant workplaces and neighborhoods, Bacon shows how the United States’ trade and economic policy abroad, in seeking to create a favorable investment climate for large corporations, creates conditions to displace communities and set migration into motion. Trade policy and immigration are intimately linked, Bacon argues, and are, in fact, elements of a single economic system.
In particular, he analyzes NAFTA’s corporate tilt as a cause of displacement and migration from Mexico and shows how criminalizing immigrant labor benefits employers. For example, Bacon explains that, pre-NAFTA, Oaxacan corn farmers received subsidies for their crops. State-owned CONASUPO markets turned the corn into tortillas and sold them, along with milk and other basic foodstuffs, at low, subsidized prices in cities. Post-NAFTA, several things happened: the Mexican government was forced to end its subsidies for corn, which meant that farmers couldn’t afford to produce it; the CONASUPO system was dissolved; and cheap U.S. corn flooded the Mexican market, driving the price of corn sharply down. Because Oaxacan farming families can’t sell enough corn to buy food and supplies, many thousands migrate every year, making the perilous journey over the border into the United States only to be labeled “illegal” and to find that working itself has become, for them, a crime.
Bacon powerfully traces the development of illegal status back to slavery and shows the human cost of treating the indispensable labor of millions of migrants—and the migrants themselves—as illegal. Illegal People argues for a sea change in the way we think, debate, and legislate around issues of migration and globalization, making a compelling case for why we need to consider immigration and migration from a globalized human rights perspective.
“David Bacon is the conscience of American journalism; an extraordinary social documentarist in the rugged humanist tradition of Dorothea Lange, Carey McWilliams, and Ernesto Galarza.” —Mike Davis, author of No One Is Illegal
“Illegal People documents how undocumented workers have become the world’s most exploited workforce—subject to raids and arrests, forced to work at low pay and under miserable conditions, and prevented from organizing on their own behalf. In this richly reported book, David Bacon makes a powerful case for the centrality of ‘illegals’—of all nationalities—in the global struggle for economic justice.” —Barbara Ehrenreich, author of Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America

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David Bacon - Illegal People, How Globalization Cr eates Migration and Criminalizes Immigrants (2008).pdf

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11 lis 12 17:53

Edmund Morris - Colonel Roosevelt (2010).jpg

"Now with Colonel Roosevelt, the magnum opus is complete. And it deserves to stand as the definitive study of its restless, mutable, ever-boyish, erudite and tirelessly energetic subject. Mr. Morris has addressed the toughest and most frustrating part of Roosevelt’s life with the same care and precision that he brought to the two earlier installments. And if this story of a lifetime is his own life’s work, he has reason to be immensely proud." –Janet Maslin, The New York Times

"Exemplary… Consistently rich and on point, with rapidly developing events providing a backdrop for the balanced examination [Morris] presents of his subject…The TR trilogy is masterful, and can rightfully take its place among the truly outstanding biographies of the American presidency." –LA Times

"Reading Edmund Morris on Teddy Roosevelt is like listening to Yo-Yo Ma play Bach: You know from the first note you’re in inspired hands. In Colonel Roosevelt—the final installment in a trilogy that began with The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt and Theodore Rex—Morris registers the Bull Moose’s last decade in handsome, sweeping prose that avoids the valedictory chord struck by biographers who, nearing the end of their prodigious labors, resort to swooning across the chapters, unwilling to let go of their muse." – The Washingtonian

"Colonel Roosevelt, the third part of his three-volume biography of Roosevelt, is a worthy and extremely engaging culmination of Mr. Morris' work. It is popular history at its best." –Claude R. Marx, The Washington Times

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11 lis 12 17:53

Indians of North America - Loretta Fowler - The Ar apaho (2005).jpg

The Arapahos probably moved onto the western plains from the woodlands area near the Great Lakes, for they exhibit many traditions similar to Algonquian-speaking groups of that region. When they made the move is unknown. During the eighteenth century there were several divisions of Arapahos, which ranged from the Saskatchewan River south into Colorado and perhaps Oklahoma, west to the foothills of the Rockies, and east into western South Dakota and Kansas. The northernmost division, the Gros Ventres, settled in Montana. Two other main divisions are the Northern and Southern Arapahos. American traders adopted the Crow Indians' name for these people, which sounded like "Arapaho."

About 1730 the Arapahos began to hunt bison using horses acquired from Comanches who lived within reach of Spanish settlements. Horses enabled greater mobility, larger residence groups, and more elaborate rituals, and also led to wealth inequalities based on horse ownership. From the bison, the Arapahos obtained food, clothing, shelter, tools, and weapons. To accommodate seasonal movements of the bison, Arapaho bands (residence groups) were flexible in composition. A large network of kin facilitated cooperation in hunting.

A men's lodge organization promoted band cooperation, particularly for military purposes. This organization consisted of two youths' and five men's lodges, or ceremonial societies, each of which had specific political and ritual duties. Men earned their way through the entire series of seven lodges as they aged, through completion of initiation rites that involved apprenticing themselves to the next higher lodge. The lodges were ranked by members' age, the members of the old men's lodge having the most prestige and authority. A group of male and female priests directed the lodge rituals, which ensured the survival of the Arapahos.

During the 1850s, immigrants moving west to California and Oregon occasionally stopped in Colorado, in the heart of Arapaho hunting territory, to mine for gold, in violation of a treaty the Arapahos had signed with the federal government in 1851. In addition, immigrants disturbed the game and attacked the Arapahos. Troops did not distinguish one Indian from another when retaliating for Indian attacks on trespassing settlers. In the aftermath of the worst violence�the so-called Indian War of 1865-68�the Arapahos moved to reservations, where they thought they would be safe from further attacks.

About one thousand Northern Arapahos settled on the 2.3-million-acre Shoshone Reservation in Wyoming in 1878; they received individual allotments of land there in 1900. In 1937, the name of the reservation was changed to Wind River. Until 1947, when tribal leaders gained control over the tribes' mineral resources and instituted per capita distribution of several million dollars in income, the Arapahos struggled to sustain themselves on government rations, occasional wage work, and lease income from land allotted to individuals. After 1947, 15 percent of the income from mineral royalties was used for community services; the remaining 85 percent was distributed in monthly per capita payments.

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11 lis 12 17:53

Indians of North America - Loretta Fowler - The Ar apaho (2005).pdf

Congress required the consent of tribal leaders, or "councilmen," on leases of tribally owned land, and the councilmen tried to use these moneys to improve living conditions. Elderly male and female ritual leaders supervised the actions of the councilmen. Leaders of all ages tried to mitigate the federal government's "civilization" policy by promoting changes that simultaneously reinforced traditional values and customs and indicated a desire to cooperate with federal officials.

In Oklahoma, about sixteen hundred Southern Arapahos settled on the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation, established by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869. Federal officials pushed a "civilization program," and important headmen began building cattle herds and supervising labor on large gardens and hay fields. The federal government, under political pressure to open Oklahoma reservation lands to settlement by non-Indians, forced a cession from the Cheyennes and Arapahos in 1891. Individuals were allotted 160 acres, and the remainder of the 4-million-acre reservation was opened to settlement. Non-Indian settlers trespassed on Indian farms and ranches, stealing stock, equipment, wood, and other property. Pressure for land continued unabated, and in 1902 and 1906 Congress passed legislation that encouraged the sale of allotted Indian lands. Increasing poverty led to further land sales, so that today only about seventy-five thousand of the half million acres originally allotted remain in Arapaho hands.

Unable to support groups of followers and ignored by the federal government, political leaders lost authority. Peyote rituals were introduced to the Cheyennes and Arapahos in the late 1890s by Native Americans living to the south. The elderly leaders of the Arapaho ceremonial organization did not initiate successors, so that by the onset of World War II the Southern Arapahos had to apprentice themselves to the Northern Arapahos.

Today the Northern Arapahos number four thousand. A six-member elected business council oversees tribal operations, represents the tribe in dealings with the local and federal governments, and meets with the Shoshone council on matters of joint interest. There is no constitution and by-laws; rather, the business council attempts to operate by consensus, and a general council composed of eligible voters reserves veto power over their actions.

In 1975 Congress passed Public Law 638, which enabled tribes to contract for grants and programs formerly administered by federal agencies. This change allowed the business council to seek and control money for social programs. Families have continued to rely on the monthly per capita payment, for despite jobs created by the establishment of tribally owned businesses, unemployment remains high.

The three thousand Southern Arapahos have a few tribally owned oil wells on tribal land, but the income from these is sufficient for only a nominal annual per capita payment. Unemployment is lower than it is among the Northern Arapahos, because jobs in Oklahoma City and other urban areas are within commuting distance.

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Harvey J. Kaye - Thomas Paine, Firebrand of the Re volution (2000).jpg

Thomas Paine (1737-1809) was one of the most fascinating figures of the late 18th century. His public antagonist and personal friend John Adams believed that their times would come to be known as the "Age of Paine." He came to America in middle age and became a radical-democratic pamphleteer, effectively turning colonial rebellion into a national liberation movement. He later returned to Europe where he played a prominent role in both the French Revolution and the cause of English radicalism. Paine is best remembered for his books: the controversial The Rights of Man and his book on the American Revolution, Common Sense. Harvey J. Kaye, well-known for his studies on Paine and his period, traces the English revolutionary's life and details his political writings in accessible, highly readable narrative that also covers important events of early American history.

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Harvey J. Kaye - Thomas Paine, Firebrand of the Re volution (2000).pdf

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William L, Barney - The Civil War and Reconstructi on, A Student Companion (2001).jpg

The Civil War was the most devastating event in U.S. history, in which over half a million Americans paid for their beliefs with their lives. The heroic battles, harrowing marches, and military genius of generals on both sides still inspire books, movies, and the imaginations of Civil War buffs. Less obvious are the economic, political, social, and cultural repercussions of the war, which continue to influence American life. Reconstruction and the end of slavery brought deep-seated problems to the reunited nation.

This single-volume encyclopedia includes 245 entries on all facets of the conflicted era. It features articles on:
* Battles and campaigns (Gettysburg, Shiloh, Sherman's March to the Sea)
* Culture (music, photography, religion)
* Economic affairs (cost of the war, gold, Richmond Bread Riot)
* Foreign affairs (France, Great Britain, Laird rams)
* Health and welfare (disease, medicine, prisons)
* Ideologies (federalism, free-labor ideology)
* Legislative landmarks (14th Amendment, Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, Wade-Davis bill)
* Military terms, strategy, and weaponry (cavalry, rifles, tactics)
* Minorities (black suffrage, emancipation, Native Americans)
* Political events and organizations (Constitutional Union party, election of 1860, fire-eaters)
* Prominent individuals (Clara Barton, Frederick Douglass, Robert E. Lee, Abraham Lincoln, Walt Whitman)
* Social reform (abolitionism, women's rights movement)
* Women (nurses, women in the war, individual women)
More than 200 black-and-white illustrations, including over a dozen maps, complement the entries. A list of selected Civil War museums and historic sites, suggestions for further reading, recommended websites, and a chronology of the war round out this essential resource.

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11 lis 12 17:53

William L, Barney - The Civil War and Reconstructi on, A Student Companion (2001).pdf

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11 lis 12 17:53

Frank Cullen - Vaudeville, Old and New, An Encyclo pedia of Variety Performers in America, 2 volumes (2006).jpg

This is a one-of-a-kind reference work to the history of vaudeville, performance art, burlesque, revue, and comic opera. Author Frank Cullen has done deep research, including archival work and personal interviews, to uncover the rich history of this American art form. Most of the artists profiled here are not examined in other reference books. This will be a must-have for students of theater history and performance art, and also for anyone interested in the cultural history of America.

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11 lis 12 17:53

Frank Cullen - Vaudeville, Old and New, An Encyclo pedia of Variety Performers in America, 2 volumes (2006).pdf

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Indians of North America - Barbara Graymont - The Iroquois (2004).jpg

This is one of the volumes in the long and extensive "Indians of North America" series. It provides a good and brief introduction to the culture and history of the Iroquois tribes. Children who wish to learn more about native Americans will enjoy it, as will adults. We all learn of the importance of the League and their impact on the American Revolution as well as their impact today.

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11 lis 12 17:53

Indians of North America - Barbara Graymont - The Iroquois (2004).pdf

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11 lis 12 17:53

Leslie M. Alexander, Walter C. Rucker - Encycloped ia of African American History 3 volumes (2010).jpg

Encyclopedia of African American History introduces readers to the significant people, events, sociopolitical movements, and ideas that have shaped African American life from earliest contact between African peoples and Europeans through the late 20th century.

The encyclopedia places the African American experience in the context of the entire African diaspora, with entries organized in sections on African/European contact and enslavement, culture, resistance and identity during enslavement, political activism from the Revolutionary War to Southern emancipation, political activism from Reconstruction to the modern Civil Rights movement, black nationalism and urbanization, and Pan-Africanism and contemporary black America. Based on the latest scholarship and engagingly written, there is no better go-to reference for exploring the history of African Americans and their distinctive impact on American society, politics, business, literature, art, food, clothing, music, language, and technology.

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11 lis 12 17:53

Leslie M. Alexander, Walter C. Rucker - Encycloped ia of African American History 3 volumes (2010).pdf

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11 lis 12 17:53

Randall Balmer - Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, R evised and Expanded Edition (2004).jpg

A comprehensive guide to a central facet of American religious life

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11 lis 12 17:53

Randall Balmer - Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, R evised and Expanded Edition (2004).pdf

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11 lis 12 17:53

Ronald D. Quinn - Introduction to California Chapa rral (2006).jpg

The characteristic look of California Chaparral--a soft bluish-green blanket of vegetation gently covering the hills--is known to millions who have seen it as the backdrop in movies and television productions. This complex ecological community of plants and animals is not just a feature of the hills around Hollywood, but is a quintessential part of the entire California landscape. It is a highly resilient community adapted to life with recurring fires and droughts. Written for a wide audience, this concise, engaging, and beautifully illustrated book describes an ancient and exquisitely balanced environment home to wondrous organisms: Fire Beetles that mate only on burning branches, lizards that shoot blood from their eyes when threatened, Kangaroo Rats that never drink water, and seeds that germinate only after a fire, even if that means waiting in the soil for a 100 years or more. Useful both as a field guide and an introductory overview of the ecology of chaparral, it also provides a better understanding of how we might live in harmony, safety, and appreciation of this unique ecological community.

* Identifies chaparral's common plants, animals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects
* Features 79 color illustrations, 56 black-and-white photographs, and 3 maps
* Examines the role of humans and fire in chaparral, covering the placement and design of homes, landscaping, and public policy

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11 lis 12 17:53

Ronald D. Quinn - Introduction to California Chapa rral (2006).pdf

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Rudolph Peierls - Bird of Passage, Recollections o f a Physicist (1985).jpg

The lighthearted title is a clue to the easy-going style of Peierls's memoir of a career spent working (and sometimes playing) with his peersthe scientists whose ideas and experiments generated the awesome body of laws and theories known as quantum physics. Born in Germany in 1907, Peierls lived to win a British knighthoodbut never, it seems, once he had escaped Hitler's Germany with his Russian-born wife, settled in one place long enough to feel more than a bird-of-passage. Out of Peierls's recollections of life in universities and labs, he constructs a lively, charming and informative behind-the-scenes account of men and women on the forefront of physics. Peierls studied or worked on several continents, numbered Bethe, Bohr, Rutherford and other greats among his friends, andhere revealingly describedcontributed to the development of the A-bomb at Los Alamos right up its first use, at Hiroshima.

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Rudolph Peierls - Bird of Passage, Recollections o f a Physicist (1985).djvu

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Sybil Rosen - Living in the Woods in a Tree, Remem bering Blaze Foley (2008).jpg

Living in the Woods in a Tree is an intimate glimpse into the turbulent life of Texas music legend Blaze Foley (1949-1989), seen through the eyes of Sybil Rosen, the woman for whom he wrote his most widely known song, "If I Could Only Fly." It captures the exuberance of their fleeting idyll in a tree house in the Georgia woods during the countercultural 1970s. Rosen offers a firsthand witnessing of Foley's transformation from a reticent hippie musician to the enigmatic singer/songwriter who would live and die outside society's rules. While Foley's own performances are only recently being released, his songs have been covered by Merle Haggard, Lyle Lovett, and John Prine. When he first encountered "If I Could Only Fly," Merle Haggard called it "the best country song I've heard in fifteen years."

In a work that is part-memoir, part-biography, Rosen struggles to finally come to terms with Foley's myth and her role in its creation. Her tracing of his impact on her life navigates a lovers' roadmap along the permeable boundary between life and death. A must-read for all Blaze Foley and Texas music fans, as well as romantics of all ages, Living in the Woods in a Tree is an honest and compassionate portrait of the troubled artist and his reluctant muse.

"Living in the Woods in a Tree comes at a time when music fans are hungry to know more about Blaze Foley. There are no books that compete with Rosen's, and it's quite unlikely that any ever will. Rosen's time with him (and her deft telling of that time) reveals so much about the man and the music."--Peter Cooper, The Tennessean

"Poetic and gripping, this beautifully written book ends up being about Blaze, the author, the times, and the creative journey. This book will appeal to anyone who enjoys strong writing and great story telling, who is interested in Blaze Foley or Texas music. An impressive work in every way!"--Louis Black, editor, Austin Chronicle and executive producer of Be Here to Love Me: A Film About Townes Van Zandt

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Bruce Chadwick - The General and Mrs. Washington, The Untold Story of a Marriage and a Revolution (2 006).jpg

When Martha Custis married George Washington in 1759, according to Chadwick, she was a fat and amiable widow seeking a loving companion, a father for her children and a manager for her sizable plantations. Their union also met the needs of the dashing, social-climbing and rotten-toothed military hero: he became one of the wealthiest men in Virginia, inherited a ready-made family and quashed a fruitless infatuation with his best friend's wife. As Chadwick (George Washington's War) explains in this lackluster dual biography, Martha was a traditional, dutiful wife whose life in a patriarchal society revolved around her husband and children as she supervised a staff of slaves who prepared meals, tended gardens and produced clothing. As the Revolution approached, Martha saw her role as supportive wife of a political figure. She joined George at Valley Forge during the cruel winter of 1777–1778, and her simple helpfulness, such as organizing sewing circles to clothe soldiers, made her a beloved role model. As the president's wife, Martha befriended all and sundry and had Washington's ear. Although competently researched, Chadwick's latest effort is amateurishly written and lacking in provocative insights. Readers will do better with Patricia Brady's splendid recent bio of the first First Lady.

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Bruce Chadwick - The General and Mrs. Washington, The Untold Story of a Marriage and a Revolution (2 006).pdf

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Clifford A. Kiracofe, Jr - Dark Crusade, Christian Zionism and US Foreign Policy (2009).jpg

Despite its efforts to promote peace and instil democracy in the region, America is viewed by many in the Middle East as a dishonest broker waging a "dark crusade" against its enemies: in covert collaboration with Israel. The crucial hostility to Arab and Palestinian interests of the so-called "Zionist lobby" in the US has long been recognized. But it is another less familiar element in US politics that increasingly calls the shots on Capitol Hill, directing the course of American foreign policy there: Christian Zionism. Christian Zionists now influence not only the Republican Party, but also the White House and Congress. Protestant fundamentalists are anticipating the end of the world and they have long made common cause with the most extreme political elements in the state of Israel. But why? Jews and fundamentalist Christians hardly look like natural allies. Adhering to a feverish apocalyptic ideology, Christian Zionists nevertheless believe that restoration of the entire biblical Holy Land to the Jewish people will result the thousand-year reign of Christ. During his eleven years working in the Senate, the author observed at first hand the deep-seated influence of Christian Zionism on American foreign policy, and is uniquely qualified to assess its significance. Dark Crusade offers the most nuanced analysis yet written of this dangerous and complex phenomenon.

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Gordon MacQuarrie - Ole Evinrude and the Old Fello ws (1947).jpg

Ole Evinrude was several things at once that carry weight with the American public. A self-made inventor, engineer, and businessman, he also lived the success story par excellence. Though of humble immigrant origin he founded in his adopted country, after years of hardship and disappointment, a new and important industry. Big and genial -- a veritable mountain of a man -- he graciously attributed all success to his frail wife, Bess, who was also his partner in business. But more important still, he won the enduring gratitude of thousands of hunters, fishermen, and vacationers, who were freed by him from the drudgery of rowing a boat. For Evinrude designed and produced the first practical outboard motor, which must be considered a piece with the automobile and therefore a part of this motor age. He belongs to the saga of the out-of-doors, of sports, and of fun, but he also has written his name large in the story of the American economic revolution.

Ole Evinrude, born Ole Evenrudstuen (April 19, 1877—July 12, 1934) was a Norwegian-American inventor, known for the invention of the first outboard motor with practical commercial application.
The company is now called Evinrude Outboard Motors, and is owned by Bombardier Recreational Products.

About author: MacQuarrie, Gordon 1900-1956. Works: 18 works in 29 publications in 3 languages and 688 library holdings.

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Gordon MacQuarrie - Ole Evinrude and the Old Fello ws (1947).pdf

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Kenneth W. Howell - The Seventh Star of the Confed eracy, Texas during the Civil War (2009).jpg

This new anthology, edited by Kenneth W. Howell, incorporates the latest scholarly research on how Texans experienced the war. Eighteen contributors take us from the battlefront to the home front, ranging from inside the walls of a Confederate prison to inside the homes of women and children left to fend for themselves while their husbands and fathers were away on distant battlefields, and from the halls of the governor's mansion to the halls of the county commissioner's court in Colorado County. Also explored are well-known battles that took place in or near Texas, such as the Battle of Galveston, the Battle of Nueces, the Battle of Sabine Pass, and the Red River Campaign. Finally, the social and cultural aspects of the war receive new analysis, including the experiences of women, African Americans, Union prisoners of war, and noncombatants.

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Kenneth W. Howell - The Seventh Star of the Confed eracy, Texas during the Civil War (2009).pdf

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Historyczne Bitwy 42 - Grzegorz Swoboda - Gettysbu rg 1863 (1999).jpg

Wojna secesyjna pomiędzy bogatą i „postępową” Unią a Konfederacją, tzw „ państwem niewolników“, czyli „łatwy” synonim walki pomiędzy dobrem a złem.

Grzegorz Swoboda w swoim opisie krwawego, a zarazem przełomowego epizodu tej wojny - bitwy pod Gettysburgiem - stara się obalać odwieczne stereotypy tych „złych” i tych „dobrych” Amerykanów. Dając wnikliwą analizę narastającego konfliktu, poruszając wiele jego aspektów, zarówno tych politycznych, jak i społecznych, wyjaśnia przyczyny, które doprowadziły do wojny domowej oraz opisanej bitwy.

Praca ta należy do lepszych z serii „Historyczne bitwy”. Forma przekazu wydarzeń zasługuje na pochwałę. Zawiera nie tylko suche fakty, ale także relacje uczestników bitwy oraz ilustracje, dzięki czemu oddaje atmosferę grozy i okrucieństwa panujących na polach Gettysburga tych pamiętnych trzech letnich dni.

Sama bitwa, z niezrozumiałych przyczyn, w ogólnej opinii kojarzy się z wielkim zwycięstwem Unii. Te fałszywe skojarzenia ujawniają się dopiero w trakcie czytania książki Swobody. To wojska Konfederacji były o wiele bliżej sukcesu. Naprawdę niewiele brakowało, by Armia Potomaku (Unia) poniosła klęskę. Jednak z powodu niezdecydowania, a także wielu do dzisiaj niewyjaśnionych militarnych błędów głównodowodzącego wojskami Południa gen. Roberta Lee, nie wykorzystano olbrzymiej szansy zepchnięcia przeciwnika do defensywy, a tym samym możliwości pertraktacji pokojowych z pozycji silniejszego.

Południe, gospodarczo słabsze, nie mogło sobie pozwolić na prowadzenie wyniszczającej wojny bez ograniczeń czasowych. Wyczerpywanie się potencjału gospodarczego i militarnego doprowadziło ostatecznie do złożenia broni, a tym samym uznanie zwycięstwa Unii.

Trzydniowe zmagania pod Gettysburgiem zostały jednak nierozstrzygnięte. Brak sukcesu militarnego Armii Północnej Wirginii z głównodowodzącym Lee skłonił generała do wycofania się z ziem Północy i odstąpienia od ofensywnej strategii wojny. Był to wprawdzie zwrotny punkt wojny, gdzie Armia Potomaku pod wodzą gen. George'a Meade'a przejęła inicjatywę, ale gloryfikowanie i wyolbrzymianie zwycięstwa przez ówczesne media Północy nie miało podstaw, była to bowiem w rzeczywistości sytuacja patowa.

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