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widziany: 7.01.2026 11:09

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From the middle of the sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century, the Baltic sea was the scene of frequent conflicts between the powers that surrounded it. As the fortunes in the struggles changed, so did the composition of opposing alliances and the identity of the leading participants. Not only were there littoral states concerned by the outcome; other European states were anxious throughout the period with what went on in the Baltic, where the emergence of one dominant power could be potentially dangerous and where many had important comercial interests. War and Peace in the Baltic, 1560-1790 makes clear the causes and course of the conflicts and explains the varying fortunes of those involved. Stewart Oakley traces the emergence of Sweden, poor as it was in resources, as the leading power in the area in the early seventeenth century, the early unsuccessful attempts by the Muscovite state to break through to the Sea, the eventual collapse of Sweden's `empire' at the beginning of the eighteenth century and the final emergence of Russia as the leading player on the stage.

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General Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), called El Liberator, and sometimes the "George Washington" of Latin America, was the leading hero of the Latin American independence movement. His victories over Spain won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Bolivar became Columbia's first president in 1819. In 1822, he became dictator of Peru. Upper Peru became a separate state, which was named Bolivia in Bolivar's honor, in 1825. The constitution, which he drew up for Bolivia, is one of his most important political pronouncements. Today he is remembered throughout South America, and in Venezuela and Bolivia his birthday is a national holiday. Although Bolivar never prepared a systematic treatise, his essays, proclamations, and letters constitute some of the most eloquent writing not of the independence period alone, but of any period in Latin American history. His analysis of the region's fundamental problems, ideas on political organization and proposals for Latin American integration are relevant and widely read today, even among Latin Americans of all countries and of all political persuasions. The "Cartagena Letter," the "Jamaica Letter," and the "Angostura Address," are widely cited and reprinted.

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Tudor Government surveys government across all the Tudor reigns, including those of Henry VIII, Mary and Elizabeth. It explores such themes as the role of parliament, law and order, the government of the church and the personal role of the monarch. Combining narrative, questions and analysis, this book provides students with a clear background to the period and a guide to examination success.

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This collection addresses the nature of trade, and the effects it had in cities throughout the ancient world, from the Bronze Age Near East to late Roman northern Italy, and challenges the received notion of the unsophisticated nature of early trade. The book explores a variety of aspects of ancient trade, a study of archaic central Italy which stresses the role of the artisan in social development, and a discussion of the complex issue of the exchange of grain between Athens and the Black Sea in the fifth and fourth centuries. A comprehensive and well-researched book, this volume employs the most current archaeological, papyrological, epigraphic and literary evidence to offer innovative and stimulating analyses of the importance and influence of trade in the ancient world.

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The Foreign Office has been a symbol of British imperialism and diplomacy since Victorian times. The end of World War I, and the rising storm that followed, changed the nature of the office and its relationship with the rest of the government. This book examines the careers of the men who served as British Foreign Secretary between 1919 and 1939, focusing in particular on the ways in which they sought to mould foreign policy during their time in office.

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This volume seeks to address the doubts harboured by the West about the ability of East Central European states to build modern democracies and tolerant societies after the expansion of the European Union eastwards. The tradition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is thereby often overlooked in favour of the nationalist romanticism and xenophobia of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, which arose from the specific context of the partitions of 1772-95. Yet citizenship in a multinational context was a central theme of the political debate in early modern Poland-Lithuania. For many contemporary religious and national conflicts, this Commonwealth cannot be a direct model for imitation, but may serve as a source of inspiration due to the creative solutions and compromises it negotiated while integrating many faiths and ethnicities.

Contributors are James B. Collins, Karin Friedrich, Gershon David Hundert, Joanna Kostyło, Krzysztof Łazarski, Allan I. Macinnes, Barbara M. Pendzich, Felicia Roşu, Barbara Skinner, and Artūras Vasiliauskas.

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The Decline of Industrial Britain 1870-1980 examines why the British economy has grown more slowly than the economies of the United States, Germany, Japan, Canada, France, and Italy since 1870, and why the British standard of living has fallen in relation. The first synthetic account of Britain's long-term economic performance in more than a decade, this book addresses both specifically economic questions--did the structure of the British economy undermine the nation's competitiveness? Were British firms slow to introduce the most efficient production and marketing techniques? Michael Dintenfass also looks at broader social-historical questions: has British culture been hostile to business achievements? Did British education fail British industry? Have the attitudes of workers undermined the economy's performance? Written in clear and accessible prose, The Decline of Industrial Britain provides a concise survey of recent scholarly work on British economic and business history. Its emphasis on the central importance of entrepreneurs and managers to the long-term performance of the British economy challenges the cliometric and institutionalist interpretations that have dominated recent thinking about Britain's economic decline and directs attention to the complex sociocultural origins of the "British disease."

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The late sixteenth century saw a redrawing of the borders of north-west Europe. Wales and Brittany entered into unions with neighboring countries England and France. Nice uses Brittany and Wales' responses to unification to write a comparative history of national identity during the early modern period. The Estates of Brittany and the Council in the Marches of Wales sponsored works of sacred historiography which manipulated history to defend their jurisdictions and legitimize their legal claims over the land. Nice argues that the sacred histories of each country fostered contrasting national identities, one differentialist and the other assimilationist. This distinction, which uses terms characteristic of twentieth-century nationalism, demonstrates that the original function of national identities must be considered in order to appreciate their historical specificity and mutability.

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This is an engaging socio-cultural study of the place occupied by the City of London within British cultural life during the Victorian and Edwardian periods. Michie interrogates the dialectic nature of two traditional views of the City as a global financial centre: London as a theatre of corruption, fraud and scandal; and as a place of unbridled success and power for the ambitious elite. Rather than rely on the opinion of orthodox figures contemporaneous to the period under examination, Michie recognises the novel as a pertinent source of socio-economic representation. By comparing both literary and popular novels at different times, this work illustrates how the evidence for cultural shifts can rest upon the generality of the population. Marrying literary and economic analysis, Guilty Money foregrounds the limitless possibilities of the novel as a work of historical documentation.

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This full-length study of the Portuguese court in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries shows how women and men, noblemen and clergy, artisans and minor servants at the court lived in close proximity and were connected to each other. It describes the constant displacement of this complex community within the geographical space of Portugal, and how everyday life at court was shaped by ceremonial duties and common activities.

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This volume gathers together seventeen original essays that represent the new directions being taken by historians of the Florentine Renaissance. Florence has often been studied in the past for its distinctive urban culture and society, while insufficient attention has been paid to the important Tuscan territorial state that was created by Florence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. These essays offer new and exemplary approaches toward state-building, political vocabulary, political economy, civic humanism, local history and social patronage.

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This is the first detailed study of Sicilian life in the reign of Frederick III (1296-1337), a period that marked Sicily's transition from a bustling and prosperous Mediterranean emporium to a poor backwater torn apart by violence. This book, by focusing on Frederick III's crucial reign, argues that there were many more things "wrong" with Sicilian life than just the shape of its overseas trade relations. Placing itself between those who blame the foreigners and those who blame the Sicilians themselves, it shows that an entire nexus of factors and influences were at work in unravellingSicilian life. It also demonstrates that these forces can be seen best in the forty years that followed Sicily's liberation from foreign control in the bloody war of the "Sicilian Vespers."

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The Weimar Republic examines Germany in the aftermath of the First World War, exploring such themes from the impact of the impact of the Treaty of Versailles and the events leading to Hitler's rise to power.

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This lively study illuminates the dynamic nature of Celticity and Celtic geography by exploring the many ways in which an old culture is being re-interpreted to serve the needs of particular groups of people in modern times. This work critically questions traditional conceptualization of Celticity that relies on a homogenous interpretation of what it means to be a Celt in contemporary society.

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Confronting the contemporary poststructuralist debate from the perspective of cultural historiography, The Expansion of England presents an historical study of race and ethnicity. Specifically, it provides an account, both theoretical and applied, of the combination of sexual, racial and ethnic identities, underpinning and shaping the experiences of English men and women in the nineteenth century. Although very accessible, this book will be received seriously by both theorists and historians.

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