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Legierski,Kasprzyk_Programowanie sterownikow PLC.pdf

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From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The pow ...

From 230 V AC a DC supply of + 5 V is obtained. The power supply is given to the other blocks. The pulse generator at a particular frequency generates the clock pulses. The clock pulses are counted by a counter and gives output after every 10 pulses. The counter drives the transistors, which form the triac firing circuit. The transistors fire the triacs and they provide sufficient current to the load. Decorative bulbs are connected as load for each triac. The bulbs are sequentially turned ON and OFF in forward and reverse way. The IC 555 works as the pulse generator and feeds the clock pulses to IC 4017. IC 4017 is the heart of this circuit. It works as a counter and gives the output after every 10 pulses. It drives the transistors, which in turn fire the triacs. The triac provides sufficient current to the load. Resistors R 1 47 KW R2 100 KW Potentiometer R3 56 W R4 � R9 8.2 KW R10 � R15 47 W All resistors are carbon composition type of ¼ watt and tolerance of maximum 5%. Capacitors C 1 1000m¦, 16 V Electrolytic C 2 1m¦, 16 V Electrolytic C 3 0.01m¦ Ceramic Diodes, Transistors and Triacs D 1, D 2 IN 4007 D 3 � D 10 IN 4148 D 11 � D16 LED, Red color, 5mm T 1 � T 6 BEL 187, NPN Transistor T 7 � T 12 BT 136, 4A/400V IC 1 7805, Voltage regulator IC 2 555, Timer IC IC3 4017, Decade counter Miscellaneous Switch (S1) 1 Pole 6 way Transformer (T) 230 V / 9 � 0 � 9, 500mA F 1, F 2 Fuse

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We will come to the Vertical Sensor Module, but first le ...

We will come to the Vertical Sensor Module, but first let us see what the DAWN LDR(SAY LDR C) does. At night the horizontal Module timer 555 remains Reset(as LDR A is in darkness so its resistance is high, thus pin 4 voltage is low, and the TRACKER points at WEST(where SUN has set). Next day when SUN rises again in the EAST, the DAWN LDR which is located at the back of the TRACKER, points at EAST. So when it receives sunlight its Resistance goes low, thus Voltage at pin 4 is high and the timer triggers the Decade Counter which in turn switches the Motor on, thus the TRACKER again moves towards the EAST. Then the TRACKER functions as previously. Now placed with the Horizontal Sensor LDR 1 is another similar LDR 2 which receives the sunlight as and when does LDR 1. SEE FIGURE 3. So now, as LDR B(THE 1st horizontal one) receives sunlight, so does Horizontal LDR 2(SEE FIGURE 1, THESE 2 LDRs are placed together with same alignment properties and separated by an optically insulated coating(from each other).Thus when Motor 1 comes to rest, and as the second horizontal LDR (SAY LDR D),is same way coupled to the second timer’s(of Vertical Module) Reset pin as was the ALWAYS ILLUMINATED LDR A, it brings the second timer out of its Reset mode) by the previously discussed VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP). EYE SENSOR LDR(SAY LDR E) of the tracker receives sunlight by an Anti-Reflection Coated, small Rectangular Slit, so reacts only when SUN directly points at it. The second 555’s PIN 2 is same way connected to this LDR as was the first 555’s to Horizontal LDR 1. So now that it still not receives sunlight (resistance high, so Vout low) and pin 4 is no more Reset, the second CD 4017 MAKES THE SECOND STEPPER MOTOR 2 Rotate(Coupled so as to only rotate VERTICAL SENSING BLOCK/EYE BLOCK ). This movement continues till the SUN directly points at the EYE of our TRACKER. Then the TRACKER STOPS, pointing very accurately at the SUN.FIG 2 and FIG 3 follows.

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In figure 4 I have only shown the Horizontal Motor Contr ...

In figure 4 I have only shown the Horizontal Motor Control Circuit. The Vertical One uses a similar Decade Counter, NPN Transistors, Diodes(to encounter BACK EMF of Power Transistors due to Fast Switching). I chose for a Step Angle of 2 Degrees for the Unipolar Steppers. They are driven in a Normal 4 Step Sequence, first coil A is energised simultaneously with coil B ,then coil C with coil D. Thus the Motors rotate by 2 degrees each time. The Charging Interval(how long pin 3 of 555’s remains high) is almost in synchronism with the steps/second speed of the motors(here 600 steps/sec.), to avoid FALSE TRIGGERING. NOTE: 1. For 555 in MONOSTABLE MODE, T=1.1*R*C. 2. For the FRESNEL LENS ARRAY , the standard FL 40(Focal Length=0.4 inches) Or FL 65(Focal Length=0.65 inches) FRESNEL LENSES could be used (with the Grooves facing the LDRs). 3. For the ANTI-REFLECTION COATING, MULTI-LAYER COATING could be used to minimize loss due to REFLECTION. By using alternating layers of a Low-Index material like SILICA and a Higher-Index material, it is possible to obtain Reflectivities as low as 0.1% at Single Wavelength

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AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER starts following the SUN right f ...

AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER starts following the SUN right from dawn, throughout the day, till evening, and starts all over again from dawn next day. On cloudy weathers, it remains still and catches the SUN again as it slips out of clouds. It does all this automatically, employs cheap and inexpensive components, and is very accurate.Let us see how it does all this. There are three Electronic Modules to be explained. First one is the HORIZONTAL SENSOR MODULE. It employs the timer 555 in the MONOSTABLE MODE. PIN 2(Trigger Pin of 555) is hooked up with a VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK(PLEASE see FIGURE 2). PIN 4(Reset) is hooked up with ANOTHER VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK.

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The LDR(SAY LDR A) which is always illuminated by light ...

The LDR(SAY LDR A) which is always illuminated by light through FRESNEL LENS ARRAY, has Low Resistance(in presence of light resistance of LDR decreases and vice-versa). We know V(OUT)=V(IN)*[R(bottom)]/[R(bottom)+R(top)], where R stands For Resitance. So in SUNLIGHT, when LDR A’s resistance Decreases, VOLTAGE AT PIN 4 Increases. TIMER is no more RESET. PIN 2 is now lower than 1/3 rd Vcc(as the horizontal LDR 1, say LDR B does not initially receive light through its rectangular slit, so its resistance is high(Rtop=8 K ohms), consequently V(OUT) is low). This triggers the timer which gives a pulse to Decade Counter’s Clock(14) PIN and triggers it. The Decade Counter CD 4017 gives a NORMAL STEP DRIVE pulse to the Horizontal Unipolar Stepper Motor 1(coupled to the tracker unit) to rotate the tracker position so as to receive sunlight(STEP ANGLE of 2 DEGREES). This goes on till the horizontal LDR 1 is fully in SUNLIGHT(resistance low, so PIN 2’S VOLTAGE HIGH). Thus the tracker has followed the SUN Horizontally.

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Here is the circuit diagram of an infrared motion detect ...

Here is the circuit diagram of an infrared motion detector that can be used to sense intrusions.Infra red rays reflected from a static object will be in one phase, and the rays reflected from a moving object will be in another phase.The circuit uses this principle to sense the motion. The IC1 (NE 555) is wired as an astable multivibrator .The IR diode connected at the output of this IC produces infrared beams of frequency 5Khz.These beams are picked by the photo transistor Q1 .At normal condition ie; when there is no intrusion the output pin (7) of IC2 will be low.When there is an intrusion the phase of the reflected waveforms has a difference in phase and this phase difference will be picked by the IC2.Now the pin 7 of the IC 2 goes high to indicate the intrusion.An LED or a buzzer can be connected at the output of the IC to indicate the intrusion.Notes. * Comparators IC2a and IC2b are belonging to the same IC2 (LM1458).So the power supply is shown connected only once.No problem. * When there is disturbance in the air or vehicles passing nearby,the circuit may get false triggered. * POT R5 can be used for sensitivity adjustment.

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