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Kobieta M

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  • 25 maj 11 16:19
The Jewish National Fund (JNF) is the executive body established by the Zionist movement in 1902 to buy land in Palestine for the Jewish people. Very quickly, however, it became an international organization and soon had branches in many countries throughout the world. One of the tasks of these branches was to mediate between the central office in Jerusalem and the millions of Jews who donated money to buy land. The organization, which is still active throughout the Jewish world, concerned itself with 'the marketing of ideology': the dissemination of symbols, knowledge and ideas to the masses of the Jewish people, and converted them into money and real estate property.In the memories of much of World Jewry the JNF is linked with memories of their childhoods and the forming of their identities. The memory was, in fact, fashioned by the Propaganda Department of the JNF which worked through the mass communications media in the Jewish world and made its presence massively felt in the Jewish education networks in many countries. Among the most remembered items are 'the Blue Box', the flagship of the organization, and the stamps distributed to schools, which were miniature posters making political declarations. Up until today there has been virtually no research carried out on these aspects of Zionist propaganda which helped to fashion this collective memory and left its mark upon Jewish culture in Israel and the Jewish Diaspora.Yoram Bar-Gal is Professor of Geography at Haifa University in Israel.

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Another development resulting from the 1929 riots was the growing animosity between the British Mandate Authority and the Yishuv. The inactivity of the British while Arab bands were attacking Jewish settlers strengthened Zionist anti-British forces. Following the riots, the British set up the Shaw Commission to determine the cause of the disturbances. The commission report, dated March 30, 1930, refrained from blaming either community but focused on Arab apprehensions about Jewish labor practices and land purchases. The commission's allegations were investigated by an agrarian expert, Sir John Hope Simpson, who concluded that about 30 percent of the Arab population was already landless and that the amount of land remaining in Arab hands would be insufficient to divide among their offspring.
This volume is one in a continuing series of books prepared by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress under the Country Studies/Area Handbook Program sponsored by the Department of the Army.
The last two pages of this book list the other published studies.
Most books in the series deal with a particular foreign country, describing and analyzing its political, economic, social, and national security systems and institutions, and examining the interrelationships of those systems and the ways they are shaped by cultural factors. The authors seek to pre a basic understanding of the observed society, striving for a dynamic rather than a static portrayal. Particular attention is devoted to the people who make up the society, their origins, dominant beliefs and values, their common interests and the issues on which they are divided, the nature and extent of their involvement with national institutions, and their attitudes toward each other and toward their social system and political order.
The books represent the analysis of the authors and should not be construed as an exion of an official United States government position, policy, or decision. The authors have sought to adhere to accepted standards of scholarly objectivity. Corrections, additions, and suggestions for changes from readers will be welcomed for use in future editions.

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In May 1967, Egypt expelled the United Nations peacekeeping forces stationed in the Sinai desert and deployed its army along its border with Israel, its moves coordinated with those of Jordan and Syria. By June, Israel realized that the international community would not act, and launched a pre-emptive strike against the combined Arab forces. The ensuing Six Day War was a crushing defeat for the Arab world, one that tripled the area controlled by Israel and which sowed the seeds for the Yom Kippur War of 1973 and the continuing strife in the regi

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  • 25 maj 11 16:19
Law lies at the heart of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict Israel's creation was rooted in the need for a Jewish homeland, as enshrined in 'public law'. Palestinian rights to return to their homes and livelihoods are also established in law.John Strawson argues that legal tools are being used to undermine Palestinian self-determination. His chronological account of modern Palestinian history shows that the League of Nations and the United Nations are responsible for developing a legal framework which marginalises the Palestinian people.The book focuses on three key moments in the conflict: the League of Nations Mandate, the United Nations partition plan and the Oslo agreements. None of these documents are neutral but rather encode a variety of meanings. The book traces the way in which these legal narratives have shaped national identity. Law, far from offering conflict resolution, has reinforced the trenches from which Palestinians and Israelis confront each other.

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  • 25 maj 11 16:19
This revised 2005 English-language edition was originally issued in French in 2002. A very impressive compilation of about 1,500 articles relating to the overall Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Some articles contain only two sentences of commentary; others are two pages long.
It details not only dozens of political parties throughout the Middle East, but it also provides short biographies of even obscure politicians involved in the Palestine controversy
throughout the world -- past and present. It provides the names and dates of various Israeli military operations throughout Palestine. It lists the relevant UN resolutions. It details the main issues at the annual Arab League summits between 1964-2004. Obscure Islamic terrorist (err, "liberation") groups are noted in separate articles. It has that "European" writing style: each sentence is written tightly, void of wordiness and each most informative. It is written in an unbiased, neutral manner. Islamic militants will be disappointed that it doesn't editorialize in condemning everything regarding Israel (err, "the Occupied Zionist Territory"). If there is a shortcoming to this dictionary, it fails to allow the strident "intensity of belief" flavor of the militant Palestinian perspective to come through. But then this is a dictionary, not a passionate political tract.


This is a dictionary, not an encyclopedia. There are few photographs. Fortunately it does not provide much "ancient" Biblical history to the Palestinian conflict; concentrating instead on events developing since the start of the 1880s Zionist movement to settle Jews in Palestine, and primarily since the 1940s - but strong even in the 2000-2004 Intifada era. It concentrates on the "political" disputes and personalities, rather than on any lengthy analysis of the religious chasm between the peoples.

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This book, the only first-hand account from the Jordanian perspective of the 1994 peace agreement between Jordan and Israel, is a major contribution to our understanding of the complexities of Arab-Israeli peace negotiations. In 1994, Jordan and Israel achieved a peace treaty through bilateral negotiations initiated and sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union. This book reveals in candid detail the difficulties of negotiating with other Arab nations as well as with Israel, the challenge of countering domestic opposition, and the triumph of achieving an agreement.

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Most descriptions of the British Army’s campaign in the Turkish theater during World War I focus on the popular notion that the conflict there was somehow less brutal than on the European battlefields. This view was encouraged by such films as Lawrence of Arabia and The Light Horsemen. However, in Hell in the Holy Land, David R. Woodward uses graphic personal accounts from the diaries and letters of British soldiers to describe in rigorous detail the genuine experience of the fighting and dying in Egypt and Palestine.
The voices of these British soldiers offer an overlooked perspective of the Great War, describing not only the horrors of combat but the daily struggles of soldiers who were stationed in an unfamiliar environment that often proved just as antagonistic as the enemy. A soldier of the Dorset Yeomanry, stationed in Egypt, wrote: "There are three sounds in Egypt which never cease—the creaking of the waterwheels, the song of the frogs, and the buzz of flies…. Letter writing is an impossibility in the evening, for as soon as the sun goes down, if a lamp is lighted, the air all round is thick with little grey sand-flies which bite disgustingly."
Using archival records, many of which are housed in the Imperial War Museum in London, England, Woodward paints a vivid picture of life for British soldiers in the Middle East by allowing them to speak for themselves.

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This book examines the role of the Scottish churches as part of the British imperial enterprise in the Middle East. These missions had as their stated aim the conversion of Jews to Protestantism, but also attempted to "convert" other Christians and Muslims. Michael Marten dicusses the missions to Damascus, Aleppo, Tiberias, Safad, Hebron and Jaffa. He describes the three main methods of the missionaries' work--confrontation, education and medicine--as well as the ways in which these were communicated to their supporting constituency in Scotland.

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  • 25 maj 11 16:19
Palestine and Jewish History was first published in 1996. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions.
This provocative and personal series of meditations on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict argues that it represents a struggle not as much about land and history as about space, time, and memory. Juxtaposing entries from Jonathan Boyarin's field diary with critical and theoretical articulations, Palestine and Jewish History shows not only the unfinished nature of anthropological endeavor, but also the author's personal stake in the ethical predicament of being a Jew at this point in history.
Boyarin comes to Israel as a specialist in modern Jewish studies, an individual who has kin, friends, and colleagues there, a scholar with a long history of peace activism. He interweaves fascinating descriptions of ordinary life-parties, walks, classes, visits to homes-with a selection of his related writings on cultural studies and anthropology. Some sections are polemical; others are witty analyses of bumper stickers, slogans, the ambiguities in conversations. Boyarin foregrounds the messiness and lack of closure inherent in this process, presenting "raw materials" (field notes) in some sections of the book that reappear in other sections as various kinds of "finished" products (conference papers, published articles).
In the process, we learn a good deal about the Middle East and its debates and connections to other places. Boyarin addresses two fundamental issues: the difficulty of linking different sorts of memories and memorializations, and the importance of moving beyond objectivity and multiculturalism into a situated, engaged, and nontotalizing framework for fieldwork and ethnography.
Palestine and Jewish History enacts rather than reports on Boyarin's process of error, pain, impatience, uncertainty, discovery, embarrassment, self-criticism, intellectual struggle, and dawning awareness, challenging and engaging us in the process of discovery. Ultimately, it gives the lie, as the Palestinian presence does in Israel, to any concept of a "finishedness" that successfully conceals its unruly and painful multiple processes.
Jonathan Boyarin is the Leonard and Tobee Kaplan Distinguished Professor of Modern Jewish Thought in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is the author of Storm from Paradise, co-author of Powers of Diaspora, and the co-editor of Remapping Memory and Jews and Other Differences, all available from Minnesota.

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The repatriation of Palestinians is a highly topical issue, and a critical component of any future peace process for Israel / Palestine. Until now, the mechanics of repatriation has not been dealt with before in this detail. This book explores the notion that the Palestinian refugee case is exceptional. It does this through the comparative study of refugee repatriation, and by asking the following questions:
* To what extent can the Palestinian case said to be unique?
* Where are the divergences, the overlaps and points of similarity with other refugee situations?
* What lessons can be drawn from these comparisons?
* How can these lessons inform refugee organizations, the donor community and policy makers?
In attempting to answer these questions, the expert contributors cover three main fields. Firstly: the contextual and methodological field, reviewing on one hand the main trends in forced migration and refugee studies and issues concerning policy transfer and comparative research; and on the other hand, the historical and political background of UNHCR and the negotiations around the Palestinian refugee issue. Secondly: the book offers a truly comparative approach with other case studies from around the world. It covers in-depth case studies of specific refugee situations - covering Cambodia, Guatemala, the Horn of Africa, Iraq, Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina - to reveal the key issues in the formulation of repatriation programs. Finally, the book draws together the lessons learnt, and considers to what extent these lessons are relevant to the Palestinian-Israeli situation.

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  • 25 maj 11 16:19
In July 1956 the Egyptian President, Gamal Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal, causing immediate concern to Britain and France. They already opposed Nasser and were worried at the threat to maritime traffic in the Canal.This work traces the course of subsequent events. Together with Israel, Britain and France hatched a plot to occupy the Canal Zone and overthrow Nasser. Israel atacked Sinai, and Britain and France launched offensives throughout Egypt, but strategic failures overshadowed tactical success. Finally, Britain, France, and Israel bowed to international pressure and withdrew, leaving the Suez Canal, and Egypt, firmly in the hands of President Nasser.

About the Author
Derek Varble read Modern History at Oriel College, Oxford, receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 2000. His thesis analyzed Anglo-American Cold War strategy in the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf. He also has degrees from George Washington University (Master of Arts, 1995) and the United States Air Force Academy (Bachelor of Science, 1992). His research interests include the Presidencies of Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon Johnson, and Jimmy Carter, and Arab nationalism in the twentieth century. He and his wife Amy live in southern California.

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In response to the challenges of bringing the tenacious Israeli-Palestinian conflict to an end, many have offered grand historical perspectives, vague formulas, or visionary new proposals. Aharon Klieman, however, goes beyond abstract reflections to offer a clear and practical assessment of which issues will be important in the upcoming negotiations, and why. At the top of his list is the partitionist strategy of dividing land through political and territorial compromise.
Territorial partition -- an idea circulating for over sixty years -- becomes more prominent now, according to Klieman, and is the only viable option (if any) for ending the conflict. Compromising Palestine argues that while the Oslo peace accords are an important declaration of principles and provide a mechanism for peace, they are singularly ambiguous and do not provide tangible solutions, which must be sought through practical compromises and concrete plans followed to the letter by both sides.
Falling between broad general discussion and actual operational plans, this concise, clearly focused, and beautifully written book will provide a very useful reference point for anyone following the peace process -- whether academic, policy maker, or general reader -- and will contribute to the quality of analysis at each stage of the debate during the crucial final status period.

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This book reveals the fascinating story of the involvement of the Australian statesman, Dr. H V Evatt, in the United Nations decision to partition Palestine-a decision that paved the way for the establishment of Israel six months later. It unravels the complex interplay of motives and pressures in the shadow of an emerging Cold War that resulted in Evatt's pivotal role at a decisive moment that changed the face of the modern Middle East.
The narrative focuses on the enigmatic background and character of Evatt's involvement in the Palestinian drama: the personalities that influenced him and the reason for his sometimes seemingly inexplicable conduct that intrigued historians and contemporaries. It provides the factors and developments, and the tangled story which led Evatt to move from public neutrality on the issue to support for partition in 1947.
To what extent was the United Nations decision to partition Palestine vital to the subsequent course of events that saw Israel established and the first Arab-Israeli war? How decisive was Evatt's involvement in these events, and why did he become involved? Did he push for partition or did he have other plans? What motivated him subsequently to support Israel's quest for membership in the world body? Still later, what led Evatt, in defiance of Great Britain, the United States, Israel and Jordan, to champion the campaign for internationalization of Jerusalem in 1949? This book provides some surprising news.
In unearthing the blow by blow story of an historical event in the making, this book returns us to a crucial phase in a tragic conflict that demands renewed attention today, and enlightens us-away from the headlines of the daily papers-how it assumed its present form.

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The Feres Mura, Ethiopian Jews whose families converted to Christianity during the nineteenth century and then reasserted their Jewish identity in the late twentieth century, still await acceptance by Israel. Since the 1980s, they have sought homecoming through the state's right of return law. Instead of a welcoming embrace, Israel's government and society regard them with reticence and suspicion. Using more over ten years of ethnographical research, One People, One Blood expertly documents this tenuous relationship and the challenges facing the Feres Mura.

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The first edition of Encyclopedia Of The Palestinians appeared in 2000 and there have been vast changes in the region since, prompting the need for this substantively revised edition, which offers new entries about these recent developments.
Articles have all been updated, photos of important leaders and events added, and fifty key documents included. Encyclopedia Of The Palestinians provides depth and detail on Palestine history and issues, making it a recommended pick for general-interest college-level history holdings, as well.

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